Table 1.

Staging of pancreatic cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer[48], together with clinical implication for resectability, illustrating that T3 and even T4 tumors may be considered borderline resectable

Stage	Tumor grade1	Nodal status1	Distant metastases1	Resectability
IA	T1	N0	M0	Resectable
IB	T2	N0	M0
IIA	T3	N0	M0	Borderline resectable2
IIB	T1, T2 or T3	N1	M0
III	T4	Any N	M0
IV	Any T	Any N	M1	Unresectable, independent of T-grade

¹N denotes regional lymph nodes, M distant metastases, and T primary tumor;

²The concept “borderline resectable”, related to T3 and T4 tumors, is not uniformly conceived between pancreatic centers.