Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of participants
| Characteristic | Number of subjects | % with poor health | % reporting worse health than 1 yr ago | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 12,455 | 5.3 | 11 | |
| Sex | Men | 5,198 | 3.5 | 7.7 |
| Women | 7,257 | 6.5 | 13.5 | |
| Age group | 15-24 | 1,860 | 0.6 | 1.7 |
| 25-34 | 2,530 | 1.0 | 3.0 | |
| 35-44 | 2,280 | 1.4 | 5.9 | |
| 45-54 | 2,181 | 3.1 | 8.0 | |
| 55-64 | 1,753 | 7.8 | 18.4 | |
| 65+ | 1,851 | 20.6 | 34.3 | |
| Education | Primary or less | 1,272 | 17.4 | 27.1 |
| Vocational | 3,344 | 5.1 | 12.1 | |
| Secondary | 3,854 | 4.6 | 9.5 | |
| University | 3,985 | 2.2 | 6.5 | |
| Income quartile | Q1 (lowest) | 2,647 | 6.6 | 12.8 |
| Q2 | 2,597 | 7.2 | 14.3 | |
| Q3 | 2,680 | 4.7 | 11.1 | |
| Q4 (highest) | 2,546 | 3.3 | 6.7 | |
| Missing | 1,985 | 4.3 | 9.9 | |
| Married | Unmarried | 5,324 | 7.7 | 14.4 |
| Married | 7,131 | 3.5 | 8.6 | |
| Ethnicity | Kazakh | 7,468 | 3.2 | 8.5 |
| Russia | 3,823 | 9.1 | 15.5 | |
| Other | 1,164 | 5.9 | 13.0 | |
| Urban | Urban | 5,016 | 4.6 | 10.4 |
| Rural | 7,439 | 5.7 | 11.5 | |
| Car ownership | No | 6,790 | 7.9 | 15.2 |
| Yes | 5,665 | 2.1 | 6.1 | |
| Second house | No | 11,799 | 5.4 | 11.2 |
| Yes | 656 | 2.7 | 8.2 | |
| Computer | No | 6,997 | 7.7 | 14.3 |
| Yes | 5,458 | 2.1 | 6.9 | |
| Region | Almaty City | 853 | 3.8 | 14.9 |
| Astana | 1,072 | 1.9 | 4.1 | |
| Center | 976 | 2.3 | 4.9 | |
| East | 1,096 | 11.0 | 18.2 | |
| North | 2,231 | 7.4 | 15.5 | |
| South | 4,334 | 5.0 | 9.8 | |
| West | 1,893 | 4.2 | 9.8 |