Table 1.

List of genes in Arabidopsis thaliana that regulate floral signal transduction in response to sugar-hormone interplay.

Gene name	Abbreviation	Allelic	Gene identifier	Description	Flowering mutant phenotypea		References
					SD	LD
SUGAR-GA SIGNALING CROSSTALK
GA REQUIRING 1-3	GA1-3	CPS, KSA	At4g02780	GA biosynthesis; ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase/magnesium ion binding	No phenotype	No phenotype	Koornneef and Van Der Veen, 1980
GA REQUIRING 1-6	GA1-6	CPS, KSA	At4g02780	GA biosynthesis	Late	Late	Koornneef and Van Der Veen, 1980
GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE	GAI	GRAS-3, RGA2	At1g14920	TFb; repressor of GA responses; involved in GA mediated signaling	Late	Late	Peng and Harberd, 1993; Peng et al., 1997; Hedden and Phillips, 2000
RGA LIKE 2	RGL 2	GRAS-15, SCL19, DELLA protein RGL2	At3g03450	TF; SCARECROW-like; GA signaling; encodes a DELLA protein	Early	Early	Cheng et al., 2004; Tyler et al., 2004; Yu et al., 2004
SPINDLY	SPY	n/a	At3g11540	Repressor of GA responses; positive regulator of cytokinin signaling; glucose insensitive mutant	Early	Early	Jacobsen and Olszewski, 1993; Swain et al., 2002; Greenboim-Wainberg et al., 2005
GIGANTEA	GI	n/a	At1g22770	Starch excess mutant; component of the circadian oscillator	Late	Similar or later than WT	Eimert et al., 1995; Tseng et al., 2004; Penfield and Hall, 2009
LEAFY	LFY	MAC9_13	At5g61850	TF; sugar and GA regulated	No phenotype	No phenotype	Blazquez et al., 1998; Eriksson et al., 2006
SUGAR-ABA SIGNALING CROSSTALK
ABA DEFICIENT 2	ABA2	GIN1, ISI4, SAN3, SDR1, SIS4, SRE1	At1g52340	Oxidoreductase; molecular link between sugar signaling and hormone biosynthesis	Early	Early	Laby et al., 2000; Rook et al., 2001; Cheng et al., 2002
ABA DEFICIENT 3	ABA3	GIN5, ISI2, SIS3	At1g16540	Involved in the conversion of ABA-aldehyde to ABA; glucose insensitive mutant; mo-molybdopterin cofactor sulfurase	Early	Early	Leon-Kloosterziel et al., 1996; Arenas-Huertero et al., 2000; Bittner et al., 2001
ABA INSENSITIVE 3	ABI3	SIS10	At3g24650	TF; molecular link between sugar signaling and hormone biosynthesis	Early	Early	Giraudat et al., 1992; Huang et al., 2008
ABA INSENSITIVE 4	ABI4	GIN6, ISI3, SIS5, SUN6	At2g40220	TF; molecular link between sugar signaling and hormone biosynthesis	Similar or slightly earlier than WT	Similar to WT	Finkelstein et al., 1998; Arenas-Huertero et al., 2000; Matsoukas et al., 2013
CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1	CCA1	MYB-RELATED DNA BINDING PROTEIN	At2g46830	TF; component of the circadian oscillator	Early	Similar to WT	Mizoguchi et al., 2002; Hanano et al., 2006
TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1	TOC1	ABI3 INTERACTING PROTEIN 1, PRR1	At5g61380	TF; contributes to the plant fitness (carbon fixation, biomass) by influencing the circadian oscillator period	Early	Early	Kreps and Simon, 1997; Somers et al., 1998; Kurup et al., 2000; Pokhilko et al., 2013
SUGAR-ETHYLENE SIGNALING CROSSTALK
CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1	CTR1	GIN4, SIS1	At5g03730	Kinase; negative regulator of ethylene signaling; sugar signaling	Late	Late	Gibson et al., 2001; Cheng et al., 2002; Achard et al., 2007
ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2	EIN2	CKR1, ERA3	At5g03280	Transporter; involved in ethylene signal transduction	Late	Late	Su and Howell, 1992; Fujita and Syono, 1996; Zhou et al., 1998; Alonso et al., 1999
ETHYLENE OVERPRODUCER 1	ETO1	n/a	At3g51770	Protein binding; promote ethylene biosynthesis	Early	Early	Bleecker et al., 1988; Guzman and Ecker, 1990; Roman et al., 1995; Chae et al., 2003
ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1	ETR1	EIN1	At1g66340	Ethylene binding; ethylene receptor; protein histidine kinase	Late	Late	Bleecker et al., 1988; Guzman and Ecker, 1990; Chang et al., 1993; Chen and Bleecker, 1995
ETHYLENE RESPONSE 2	ETR2	n/a	At3g23150	Negative regulation of ethylene mediated signaling pathway; glycogen synthase kinase3; protein histidine kinase	Early	Similar or slightly later than WT	Sakai et al., 1998
SUGAR-BR SIGNALING CROSSTALK
BRASSINOSTEROID, LIGHT AND SUGAR 1	BLS1	n/a	n/ac	Component for BR and light responsiveness; involved in sugar signaling	Late	Late	Laxmi et al., 2004
CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS AND DWARFISM	CPD	CBB3, CYP90, DWARF3	At5g05690	Electron carrier; heme binding; iron ion binding; monooxygenase; oxygen binding; under circadian and light control	Late	Late	Szekeres et al., 1996; Li and Chory, 1997; Choe et al., 1998; Domagalska et al., 2007
DE-ETIOLATED 2	DET2	DWARF6	At2g38050	Similar to mammalian steroid-5-alpha-reductase; involved in the brassinolide biosynthetic pathway	Late	Late	Li et al., 1996; Noguchi et al., 1999; Tanaka et al., 2005

^aThe flowering mutant phenotype compared to WT, under short (SD; 8 h light) and long day (LD; 16 h light) conditions.

^bTF, transcription factor.

^cThe mutation has been mapped within a 1.4 Mb region of chromosome 5 (Laxmi et al., 2004).