Table 3.
Total, Direct, and Indirect Effects of Personality on Alcohol Outcomes Through Descriptive Norms, Injunctive Norms, and the Role of Drinking
| Independent variable: |
Hopelessness |
Sensation seeking |
Anxiety sensitivity |
Impulsivity |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: Alcohol use | β | B | 95% CI | p | β | B | 95% CI | p | β | B | 95% CI | p | β | B | 95% CI | p |
| Total indirect effects | .02 | .07 | (−.11, .27) | .503 | .09 | .20 | (.07, .35) | .004 | .01 | .02 | (−.12, .16) | .832 | .11 | .34 | (.16, .55) | .001 |
| Specific indirect effects | ||||||||||||||||
| Descriptive norms | .02 | .07 | (−.07, .24) | .380 | .04 | .10 | (−.01, .22) | .081 | −.01 | −.01 | (−.11, .11) | .840 | .06 | .16 | (.03, .32) | .028 |
| Injunctive norms | −.01 | −.03 | (−.09, .01) | .254 | .02 | .05 | (.02, .09) | .021 | −.00 | −.01 | (−.04, .03) | .795 | −.01 | −.02 | (−.06, .02) | .363 |
| Role of Drinking | .01 | .02 | (−.04, .10) | .542 | .03 | .06 | (.01, .13) | .034 | .01 | .03 | (−.02, .09) | .265 | .07 | .19 | (.11, .31) | <.001 |
| Direct effect | .04 | .13 | (−.15, .40) | .350 | .07 | .15 | (−.03, .33) | .096 | −.05 | −.13 | (−.32, .06) | .164 | .00 | .00 | (−.23, .24) | .970 |
| Total effect | .06 | .20 | (−.09, .48) | .171 | .16 | .35 | (.14, .56) | .001 | −.05 | −.12 | (−.33, .11) | .298 | .12 | .35 | (.03, .66) | .031 |
| Dependent variable: BYAACQ | β | B | 95% CI | p | β | B | 95% CI | p | β | B | 95% CI | p | β | B | 95% CI | p |
| Total indirect | .04 | .05 | (−.01, .11) | .138 | .07 | .06 | (.02, .10) | .010 | −.02 | −.02 | (−.06, .03) | .515 | .09 | .10 | (.03, .17) | .005 |
| Specific indirect effects | ||||||||||||||||
| Descriptive Norms | −.00 | −.00 | (−.02, .00) | .511 | −.01 | −.01 | (−.02, .00) | .272 | .00 | .00 | (−.01, .01) | .864 | −.01 | −.01 | (−.03, .00) | .218 |
| Injunctive norms | .01 | .01 | (−.00, .03) | .301 | −.02 | −.01 | (−.03, −.00) | .056 | .00 | .00 | (−.01, .01) | .803 | .00 | .01 | (−.00, .02) | .394 |
| Role of drinking | .00 | .00 | (−.01, .02) | .576 | .01 | .01 | (.00, .03) | .091 | .01 | .01 | (−.00, .02) | .316 | .03 | .04 | (.01, .07) | .021 |
| Alcohol use | .02 | .03 | (−.03, .08) | .365 | .04 | .03 | (−.00, .07) | .117 | −.03 | −.03 | (−.06, .01) | .171 | .00 | .00 | (−.05, .05) | .971 |
| Descriptive norms → Alcohol use | .01 | .01 | (−.01, .05) | .387 | .02 | .02 | (−.00, .04) | .080 | −.00 | −.00 | (−.02, .02) | .840 | .03 | .03 | (.01, .06) | .027 |
| Injunctive norms → Alcohol use | −.00 | −.01 | (−.02, .00) | .257 | .01 | .01 | (.00, .02) | .025 | −.00 | −.00 | (−.01, .01) | .796 | −.00 | −.00 | (−.01, .00) | .365 |
| Role of drinking → Alcohol use | .00 | .00 | (−.01, .02) | .548 | .01 | .01 | (.00, .03) | .040 | .01 | .01 | (−.00, .02) | .273 | .03 | .04 | (.02, .06) | <.001 |
| Direct effect | .13 | .16 | (.07, .27) | .002 | .03 | .02 | (−.03, .08) | .468 | .04 | .04 | (−.03, .11) | .303 | .20 | .22 | (.12, .32) | <.001 |
| Total effect | .17 | .21 | (.09, .34) | .001 | .10 | .08 | (.02, .15) | .018 | .02 | .02 | (−.06, .11) | .618 | .29 | .31 | (.20, .43) | <.001 |
Note. BYAACQ − Brief Young Adult Alcohol Problems Questionnaire. All parameter estimates and significance tests are based on 10,000 bootstrapped samples. Significant effects are determined by both a 95% CI that does not include zero and ps < .05, which are in bold typeface for emphasis.