Table 3.

Summary of clinical trials: Effect of heart failure on endothelial progenitor cells

Ref.	Subjects	EPCs (number/function)	Findings
Valgimigli et al[28]	45 healthy controls 91 CHF	CD34+, CD34+/CD133+/KDR+ (flow cytometry)	CD34+ and CD34+/CD133+/KDR+ are significantly elevated in CHF patients compared to controls EPC number is negatively correlated with NYHA functional class
Nonaka-Sarukawa et al[29]	22 healthy controls 16 mild CHF 10 severe CHF	CD34+ (flow cytometry)	CD34+ is significantly higher in mild CHF compared to severe CHF
Michowitz et al[30]	107 CHF	CFU	CFU is the independent predictor for CHF CFU is also negatively correlated with NYHA functional class

EPC: Endothelial progenitor cells; CHF: Congestive heart failure; CFU: Colony forming unit; NYHA: New York Heart Association.