Table 3.

Dual-task Costs in Cognitive Performance during Reciting Alternate Letters of the Alphabet while Standing (Letter Alone) versus While Walking (WWR) and Counting Backwards by Sevens while Standing (Count Alone) versus While Walking (WWC)

Outcome	Effect	Lower CI	Upper CI	p Value
Letter Alone vs. WWR	−.09 *	−.11	−.06	< .01
Age	<−.01	−.00	.00	.40
Gender	−.02	−.05	.02	.29
Race	−.04 *	−.07	−.01	.01
Education	.01 *	.00	.01	< .01
Disease Comorbidity	<.01	−.01	.02	.49
Gait Abnormality	.02	−.02	.05	.37
Count Alone vs. WWC	−.08 *	−.12	−.05	< .01
Age	<.01	−.00	.00	.48
Gender	.04	−.02	.09	.17
Race	−.04	−.09	.01	.09
Education	.01 *	.00	.02	.01
Disease Comorbidity	.01	−.01	.03	.33
Gait Abnormality	.02	−.04	.08	.48

p values were calculated using linear mixed effects models, adjusting for age, gender, race, education (years), disease comorbidity, and gait abnormality.

^*p < .05