Table 6.

Detection of intergroup differences in target gene expression using the reference genes evaluated in this study.^a

Reference Gene(s)	p-value	Effect size
Sex difference in APOD expression in zebra finch brain
GAPDH, PPIA	0.042	0.944
PPIA	0.062	0.856
GAPDH	0.031	1.00
RPL32	0.020	1.12
RPL4	0.075	0.818
ACTB	0.023	1.08
HPRT	0.124	0.710
18S	0.044	0.934
TFRC	0.117	0.708
UBC	0.349	0.420
Morph difference in CGA expression in white-throated sparrow pituitary
18S, GAPDH	0.030	0.164
18S, HPRT	0.042	0.163
GAPDH	0.024	0.145
18S	0.036	0.152
HPRT	0.040	0.152
ACTB	0.083	0.107
HMBS	0.114	0.090
Morph difference in FSHR expression in white-throated sparrow testis
HPRT, PPIA	0.030	0.930
HPRT	0.039	0.880
PPIA	0.047	0.845
RPL4	0.119	0.651
RPL32	0.071	0.760
GAPDH	0.022	0.991
TFRC	0.122	0.654
ACTB	0.261	0.465
HMBS	0.012	1.10
18S	0.138	0.628

^aTarget genes apolipoprotein D (APOD), chorionic gonadotropin alpha polypeptide (CGA), and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) were normalized to the reference genes indicated in the first column. Samples were grouped by sex (APOD) or morph (CGA and FSHR) for calculations of p-value and effect size (Cohen’s d for APOD and FSHR; Eta squared for CGA). p-values <0.05 are in bold.