Table 7.

Maximum likelihood estimates and standardized parameters (in parentheses) of the best-fitting bivariate models for effects of syllable span training in the experimental and control groups.

	RBANS list memory		RAVLT list memory		RBANS story memory		RBMT story memory		WMS working memory
	Exp	Cntl	Exp	Cntl	Exp	Cntl	Exp	Cntl	Exp	Cntl
FIXED PARAMETERS: TRAINED
1 → Syllable Pre	3.6* (6.8)	=	3.6* (6.8)	=	3.6* (6.8)	=	3.6* (6.8)	=	3.6* (6.8)	=
1 → ΔSyllable	0.89* (2.3)	0.49* (1.3)	0.83* (2.2)	0.84* (2.2)	0.86* (2.3)	0.46* (1.2)	0.92* (2.4)	0.84* (2.2)	0.95* (2.5)	0.96* (2.4)
Syllable Pre → ΔSyllable	−0.20* (−0.28)	=	−0.16* (−0.23)	−0.22* (−0.31)	−0.22* (−0.30)	=	−0.12* (−0.17)	−0.22* (−0.30)	−0.31* (−0.44)	−0.42* (−0.58)
Outcome Pre → ΔSyllable	0.01* (0.13)	=	0.01* (0.17)	0.00 (0.03)	0.02* (0.20)	=	0.00 (0.02)	0.00 (0.05)	0.04* (0.43)	0.04* (0.42)
FIXED PARAMETERS: OUTCOMES
Syllable Pre ↔ Outcome Pre	1.47* (0.36)	=	2.68* (0.39)	=	0.86* (0.32)	=	0.75* (0.23)	=	1.44* (0.64)	=
1 → Outcome Pre	50.2* (6.5)	=	47.5* (3.7)	=	26.3* (5.2)	=	14.4* (2.3)	=	16.9* (4.0)	=
1 → ΔOutcome	14.9* (2.5)	14.3* (2.4)	−6.8* (−0.70)	9.4* (0.95)	7.6* (1.6)	8.1* (1.7)	3.0 (0.45)	0.08 (0.01)	−3.3* (−1.2)	−0.96 (−0.37)
Outcome Pre → ΔOutcome	−0.35* (−0.45)	=	−0.32* (−0.42)	−0.37* (−0.49)	−0.54* (−0.56)	=	0.65* (−0.59)	−0.49* (−0.48)	−0.50* (−0.71)	−0.28* (−0.45)
Syllable Pre → ΔOutcome	1.04* (0.09)	=	5.9* (0.33)	2.02 (0.11)	1.9* (0.21)	=	1.7* (0.14)	2.2* (0.19)	3.2* (0.59)	1.7* (0.34)
ΔSyllable → ΔOutcome	0.73 (0.05)	=	4.3* (0.17)	0.94 (0.04)	1.2* (0.10)	=	2.7* (0.15)	−0.40 (−0.03)	2.6* (0.34)	−0.07 (−0.01)
RANDOM PARAMETERS: VARIANCES OF LATENT CHANGE
Outcome	28.9* (.82)	=	77.7* (0.79)	=	17.0* (0.73)	=	29.7* (0.77)	=	5.92* (0.87)	=
Syllable	0.14* (0.93)	=	0.14* (0.91)	=	0.13* (0.91)	=	0.14* (0.91)	=	0.12* (0.80)	=

^*p < 0.05. Equals signs indicates that the parameter was constrained to be equal for the experimental and control groups.