Table 1.
Authors | Antagonist | Route of administration | Detectable in uterine tissue | Model | Effects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aschenbach et al. (2013) [104] | PEGLA | Intramuscular and subcutaneous | Yes luminal and glandular epithelia; endometrial lysates (intramuscular administration) |
Cynomolgus monkeys | Reduced endometrial STAT3 protein phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro Inhibited LIF induced expression of cochlin, IGF-BP 3, VEGF A, and COX-2 in endometrial explants in vitro |
Vaginal | No | ||||
| |||||
Menkhorst et al. (2011) [103] | PEGLA | Vaginal | Yes (no systemic side effects) |
Mice | Blocked implantation |
| |||||
White et al. (2007) [102] | LIF antagonist (LA) | Intraperitoneal plus continuous administration via miniosmotic pump | Mice | Blocked implantation Reduced STAT3 phosphorylation in luminal epithelial cells |
|
PEGLA | Intraperitoneal | Yes; uterine luminal epithelium (no systemic side effects) | Mice | Inhibited implantation Reduced STAT3 phosphorylation in luminal epithelial cells |
|
| |||||
Lalitkumar et al. (2013) [105] | PEGLA | In-vitro study on timed human endometrial biopsy tissue | Yes | Human | Reduced embryo attachment rate to endometrium Decreased LIF mRNA and protein in endometrium Inhibition of embryonic LIF triggered endometrial cell apoptosis Downregulation in AKT activation and increase of caspase-3 activation in blastocysts |
| |||||
Sengupta et al. (2006) [101] | Anti-LIF monoclonal Ab | Intrauterine | Yes | Rhesus Monkey | Significant decline in pregnancy outcome |