Table 1.

Summary of the literatures that reported the use of LIF antagonist in preventing implantation in different models. So far, only one study has been performed on human uterine tissues in-vitro which investigated this effect.

Authors	Antagonist	Route of administration	Detectable in uterine tissue	Model	Effects
Aschenbach et al. (2013) [104]	PEGLA	Intramuscular and subcutaneous	Yes luminal and glandular epithelia; endometrial lysates (intramuscular administration)	Cynomolgus monkeys	Reduced endometrial STAT3 protein phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro Inhibited LIF induced expression of cochlin, IGF-BP 3, VEGF A, and COX-2 in endometrial explants in vitro
		Vaginal	No
Menkhorst et al. (2011) [103]	PEGLA	Vaginal	Yes (no systemic side effects)	Mice	Blocked implantation
White et al. (2007) [102]	LIF antagonist (LA)	Intraperitoneal plus continuous administration via miniosmotic pump		Mice	Blocked implantation Reduced STAT3 phosphorylation in luminal epithelial cells
	PEGLA	Intraperitoneal	Yes; uterine luminal epithelium (no systemic side effects)	Mice	Inhibited implantation Reduced STAT3 phosphorylation in luminal epithelial cells
Lalitkumar et al. (2013) [105]	PEGLA	In-vitro study on timed human endometrial biopsy tissue	Yes	Human	Reduced embryo attachment rate to endometrium Decreased LIF mRNA and protein in endometrium Inhibition of embryonic LIF triggered endometrial cell apoptosis Downregulation in AKT activation and increase of caspase-3 activation in blastocysts
Sengupta et al. (2006) [101]	Anti-LIF monoclonal Ab	Intrauterine	Yes	Rhesus Monkey	Significant decline in pregnancy outcome