Table 1.
Applications of Lasagna process at bench-scales from inception to date.
| Treatment zone material | Contaminant | Soil type | Cell dimensions (length × width × depth) |
Polarity reversal/ downtime |
Removal efficiency, % | Voltage gradient, (V/cm)/ current (mA) | Power consumption, kWhr/m3 | Run time, days | Electroosmotic conductivity, cm2 V−1 s−1 (×10−5) | Treatment zone spacing, cm | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AC∗ + sand, bacteria + AC + sawdust | p-nitrophenol | Kaolinite | 10 cm ID, 21.6 cm long | Yes/ continuous |
90–99 | 1–7/3 (constant) | 10 | 20 | 2.5 | 6 | [14, 20] |
|
| |||||||||||
| AC (Bamboo charcoal) | Cd | Sandy loam | 24 cm × 10 cm × 8 cm | Yes/ continuous |
79.6 | 1/7–27 | — | 12 | — | 10 | [21] |
|
| |||||||||||
| AC (Bamboo charcoal) | Cd | Kaolin | 24 cm × 10 cm × 8 cm | No/ continuous |
93 | 1/3–23 | — | 8 | — | 10 | [22] |
|
| |||||||||||
| AC (Bamboo charcoal) | 2,4-dichlorophenol and Cd | Sandy loam | 24 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm | Yes/ continuous |
75.97 (Cd); 54.92 (2,4-dichlorophenol) |
1/Variable | 121.91–128.48 | 10.5 | — | 16 | [23] |
|
| |||||||||||
| GAC∗∗ | Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Zn, phenol, kerosene | Saline-sodic clay | 24 cm × 10 cm × 12 cm | No/ continuous |
75.9 (Cr); 34.4 (Cd); 41 (Cu); 55.8 (Pb); 92.49 (Hg); 26.8 (Zn); 100 (phenol); 49.8 (kerosene) | 0.6–1/880 | 1777–4273 | 21 | 425 | 6 | [24] |
*Activated carbon; ∗∗Granular activated carbon.