Table 3.

Implementation of instructional design principles

Principle	Implementation
Coherence principle: eliminate extraneous material	Splitting of content into facts and description components. Ability to hide tools in Study Mode.
	Ability to resume from where last study session was left.
Signaling principle: highlight essential material	Bold typeface for facts. Text marker feature. Flashcard color-coded study prioritization based
	on learner Perception of knowledge.
Pre-training principle: provide pre-training in names
characteristics of key concepts	Notebooks with key Flashcards can be provided before more advanced Notebooks are studied.
	Introductory Flashcards can be added to more advanced Notebooks.
Segmenting principle: break lessons into
learner-controlled segments	Flashcard break Notebook content into learner controlled segments
Multimedia principle: present words and pictures
rather than words alone	Flashcards support both text and images

Principles enumerated from Mayer et al. [46].