. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 14.

Published in final edited form as: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2013 Oct;56(5):1662–1676. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0119)

Table 3.

Caregiver characteristics at the 12-year follow-up assessment.

Characteristic	NCE (n = 181)		PCE				F	p
	NCE (n = 181)		Biological/relative (n = 141)		Adopt/foster (n = 41)
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Home score^a,^b	48.96	6.32	46.94	6.62	50.44	6.27	6.22	.002^*
Years of education^a,^b	12.72	1.87	11.76	2.06	13.23	2.57	11.61	<.0001^*
PPVT–R standard score^a,^c	79.78	15.74	76.51	13.49	90.88	14.55	12.23	<.0001^*
Block Design scale	7.32	1.94	6.96	1.70	7.50	3.18	1.51	.22
Picture Completion scale	7.21	2.37	7.29	2.39	7.81	3.25	0.45	.64
GSI	0.37	0.49	0.40	0.49	0.22	0.21	1.78	.17
Current average substance use
Tobacco (cigarettes/day)^a,^b,^c	3.87	6.77	6.41	7.95	0.69	2.42	17.09	<.0001^*
Alcohol (dose/wk)^a	1.55	5.23	1.60	3.98	0.38	1.30	2.68	.07
Marijuana (dose/wk)	0.10	1.07	1.16	8.14	0	0	2.17	.12

Note. One child was in a residential facility at age 12 years.

Biological/relative PCE differs from adopt/foster PCE (p ≤ .05).

Biological/relative PCE differs from NCE (p ≤ .05).

Adopt/foster PCE differs from NCE (p ≤ .05).

p ≤ .05.