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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 14.
Published in final edited form as: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2013 Oct;56(5):1662–1676. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0119)

Table 5.

Adjusted means of language outcome measures, by group.

Test NCE (n = 181)
PCE (n = 183)
t p
M SE M SE
CTOPP Composite Scores
 Phonological Awarenessa 82.81 0.86 79.57 0.90 2.38 .02*
  Elisionb 7.06 0.19 6.32 0.20 2.51 .01*
  Blending Wordsc 7.26 0.16 6.70 0.19 1.98 .05*
 Phonological Memoryd 93.67 0.91 91.65 0.96 1.43 .15
  Memory for Digitse 9.85 0.22 9.71 0.22 0.47 .64
  Nonword Repetitionf 8.04 0.14 7.64 0.15 1.87 .06
 Rapid Namingg 94.28 1.35 97.44 1.39 −1.49 .13
  Rapid Digit Namingh 8.95 0.21 9.37 0.22 −1.29 .20
  Rapid Letter Namingi 9.01 0.23 9.95 0.24 −2.68 .008*
TOLD–I:3 Composite Quotients
 Sentence Combiningj 6.74 0.15 6.20 0.18 2.13 .03*
 Picture Vocabularyk 7.60 0.16 7.31 0.19 1.04 .30
 Word Orderingl 6.26 0.19 6.05 0.22 0.66 .51
 Identifying Generalsm 6.88 0.17 6.72 0.20 0.53 .59
 Grammatical Comprehensionn 5.88 0.22 5.24 0.26 1.68 .09
 Identifying Malapropismso 6.85 0.14 6.81 0.15 0.17 .87
a

Phonological Awareness: Adjusted for home score, mother’s age at birth, maternal education, current caregiver education, maternal PPVT score, maternal block design scale, maternal alcohol exposure month prior, and IQ.

b

Elision: Adjusted for home score, mother’s age at birth, parity, current caregiver education, maternal marital status, maternal PPVT score, maternal block design scale, current caregiver average cigarette use, and IQ.

c

Blending Words: Adjusted for home score, mother’s age at birth, current caregiver education, maternal PPVT score, maternal block design scale, current caregiver block design scale, first trimester prenatal cigarette use, first trimester prenatal alcohol exposure, current caregiver average marijuana exposure, and IQ.

d

Phonological Memory: Adjusted for current caregiver education, maternal PPVT score, second trimester prenatal alcohol exposure, first trimester marijuana exposure, and IQ.

e

Memory for Digits: Adjusted for first trimester prenatal marijuana exposure and IQ.

f

Nonword Repetition: Adjusted for home score, maternal education, current caregiver education, maternal PPVT score, third trimester prenatal alcohol exposure, and IQ.

g

Rapid Naming: Adjusted for maternal GSI score, second trimester prenatal cigarette use, third trimester prenatal alcohol exposure, current caregiver average marijuana exposure, and IQ.

h

Rapid Digital Naming: Adjusted for maternal GSI score, current caregiver average cigarette use, third trimester prenatal alcohol exposure, current caregiver average marijuana exposure, and IQ.

i

Rapid Letter Naming: Adjusted for maternal GSI score, third trimester prenatal alcohol exposure, current caregiver average marijuana exposure, and IQ.

j

Sentence Combining: Adjusted for home score, parity, maternal marital status, current caregiver education, maternal PPVT score, current caregiver block design scale, third trimester prenatal cigarette use, first trimester prenatal alcohol exposure, first trimester prenatal marijuana exposure, and IQ.

k

Picture Vocabulary: Adjusted for home score, parity, maternal marital status, current caregiver education, maternal PPVT score, maternal block design scale, current caregiver block design scale, first trimester prenatal cigarette use, average prenatal alcohol exposure, first trimester prenatal marijuana exposure, and IQ.

l

Word Ordering: Adjusted for home score, parity, maternal marital status, maternal education, current caregiver education, maternal PPVT score, maternal block design scale, current caregiver block design scale, average prenatal alcohol exposure, and IQ.

m

Identifying Generals: Adjusted for home score, mother’s age at birth, parity, maternal education, current caregiver education, maternal PPVT score, maternal block design scale, current caregiver block design scale, average prenatal cigarette use, third trimester prenatal alcohol exposure, first trimester prenatal marijuana exposure, and IQ.

n

Grammatical Comprehension: Adjusted for home score, mother’s age at birth, maternal education, current caregiver education, maternal PPVT score, maternal block design scale, current caregiver block design scale, prenatal cigarette use month prior, third trimester prenatal alcohol exposure, prenatal marijuana exposure month prior, and IQ.

o

Identifying Malapropisms: Adjusted for home score, mother’s age at birth, parity, maternal education, current caregiver education, maternal PPVT score, second trimester prenatal cigarette use, first trimester prenatal marijuana exposure, and IQ.

*

p ≤ .05.