Table 3.

Hazard Ratios of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality by Quintiles of Weekly Running Time

		Quintile of Running Time (minutes/week)
Group	Non-runners (0)	1 (<51)	2 (51-80)	3 (81-119)	4 (120-175)	5 (≥176)
All-Cause Mortality
No. of participants	42,121	2,710	2,584	2,505	2,647	2,570
No. of deaths	2,857	110	116	103	112	115
Person-years of follow-up	602,752	41,653	42,197	41,082	40,473	40,426
Death rate*	45.9	31.7	29.7	29.8	31.5	33.8
Adjusted HR (95% CI)
Model 1†	1.00	0.69 (0.57-0.83)	0.65 (0.54-0.78)	0.65 (0.53-0.79)	0.69 (0.57-0.83)	0.74 (0.61-0.89)
Model 2‡	1.00	0.70 (0.58-0.85)	0.67 (0.55-0.80)	0.67 (0.55-0.82)	0.71 (0.58-0.86)	0.77 (0.63-0.92)
Model 3§	1.00	0.80 (0.66-0.97)	0.76 (0.63-0.91)	0.78 (0.64-0.95)	0.84 (0.69-1.02)	0.89 (0.74-1.07)
Cardiovascular Mortality
No. of participants	40,319	2,628	2,501	2,435	2,567	2,491
No. of deaths	1,055	28	33	33	32	36
Person-years of follow-up	575,352	40,497	40,766	39,983	39,275	39,233
Death rate*	17.8	8.0	9.0	10.3	9.1	11.6
Adjusted HR (95% CI)
Model 1†	1.00	0.45 (0.31-0.66)	0.50 (0.36-0.71)	0.58 (0.41-0.82)	0.51 (0.36-0.72)	0.65 (0.46-0.91)
Model 2‡	1.00	0.45 (0.31-0.66)	0.52 (0.37-0.73)	0.60 (0.42-0.84)	0.53 (0.37-0.75)	0.67 (0.48-0.93)
Model 3§	1.00	0.59 (0.40-0.86)	0.67 (0.47-0.95)	0.82 (0.58-1.16)	0.78 (0.54-1.11)	0.86 (0.62-1.21)

^*Death rate per 10,000 person-years adjusted for baseline age, sex, and examination year.

^†Model 1 was adjusted for baseline age (years), sex, and examination year.

^‡Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus smoking status (never, former, or current), alcohol consumption (heavy drinker or not), other physical activities except running (0, 1-499, or ≥500 MET-minutes per week), and parental CVD (yes or no).

^§Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 plus body mass index (kg/m²) and presence or absence of abnormal electrocardiogram, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia.

CI=confidence interval, CVD=cardiovascular disease, HR=hazard ratio.