TABLE 3. Cohort Studies* That Have Reported Significant and Nonsignificant Excesses (Risk Estimate of 110 or More) of Malignant Tumors in Aluminum Workers in Various Countries.
| Mortality | Incidence | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malignant Tumor Site | Statistically Significant Excess | Nonstatistically Significant Excess | Statistically Significant Excess | Nonstatistically Significant Excess |
| Buccal cavity and pharynx | Spinelli et al40 [S] (oropharynx) | Spinelli et al40 [S] | ||
| Gibbs et al43 [S] | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | |||
| Lip | Romundstad et al54 [P+S] | |||
| Spinelli et al40 [S] | ||||
| Esophagus | Liu et al45 [U] | Gibbs and Sévigny60 [S] | Björ et al58 [S+P] | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] |
| Stomach | Konstantinov et al57 [S]Gibbs et al43 [S] | Giovanazzi and D'Andrea48 [S]†Rockette and Arena35 [P] | Spinelli et al40 [S]Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S]Sim et al37 [P] | Romundstad et al36 [S] |
| Liu et al45 [U] | ||||
| Spinelli et al40 [S] | ||||
| Gibbs and Sévigny60 [S] | ||||
| Small intestine | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | |||
| Colon | Romundstad et al 36,54,55 [P+S] | |||
| Rectum and rectosigmoid junction or rectum | Gibbs et al43 [S] | Gibbs and Sévigny60 [S] | Romundstad et al54,55 [P+S] (rectum) | |
| Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | ||||
| Peritoneum | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | |||
| Liver | Liu et al45 [U] | Milham59 [P] | Rommunstad et al55 [S+P] | |
| Mur et al46 [S+P] (liver and gallbladder) | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | |||
| Pancreas | Rockette and Arena35 [P+S] | Milham59 [P] | Romundstad et al36,54 [S+P] | Spinelli et al40 [S] |
| Carta et al50 [P] | Rockette and Arena35 [S and P] | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | ||
| Gibbs et al43 [S] | Mur et al46 [S+P] | |||
| Moulin et al47 [S+P] | ||||
| Spinelli et al40 [S] | ||||
| Gibbs and Sévigny60 [S] | ||||
| Nose and sinuses | Spinelli et al40 [S] | Romundstad et al55 [S+P] | ||
| Larynx | Gibbs et al43 [S] | Gibbs and Sévigny60 [S] | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | Romundstad36,54 [S+P] |
| Moulin et al47 [S+P] | Sim et al37 [P]† | |||
| Lung/bronchus, trachea, and lung | Konstantinov et al56,57 [S] | Giovanazzi and D'Andrea48 [S]† | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | Romundstad36 [S] |
| Liu et al45 [U] | Rockette and Arena35 [S and P+S] (≥25 yrs) | Björ et al58 [S+P] | Spinelli et al40 [S] | |
| Gibbs et al43 [S] | Mur et al46 [S+P]† | Sim et al37 [P] | ||
| Gibbs and Sévigny60 [S] | Sim et al37 [P]‡ | |||
| Pleura | Spinelli et al40 [S] | Spinelli et al40 [S] | ||
| Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | ||||
| Pleural mesothelioma | Sim et al37 [P] | Sim et al37 [P] | ||
| Respiratory tract | Milham59 [P] | Sim et al37 [P] | ||
| Bone | Mur et al46 [S+P] (bone, connective tissue, skin, and breast) | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | ||
| Skin | Konstantinov et al56,57 [S] | Mur et al46 [S+P] (bone, connective tissue, skin, and breast) | ||
| Breast in males | Mur et al46 [S+P] (bone, connective tissue, skin, and breast) | Spinelli et al40 [S] | ||
| Prostate | Sim et al37 [P]† | Milham59 [P] | Romundstad et al54,55 [P+S] | |
| Gibbs et al43 [S] | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | |||
| Gibbs and Sévigny60 [S] | ||||
| Testis | Milham59 [P] | Romundstad et al36 [S] | ||
| Spinelli et al40 [S] | ||||
| Sim et al37 [P] | ||||
| Penis | Rommundstad et al55 [S+P] | |||
| Bladder | Gibbs et al43 [S] | Rockette and Arena35 [S] | Romundstad et al36,54 [S+P] | Romundstad et al55 [P+S] |
| Mur et al46 [S+P] | Spinelli et al40 [S] | Sim et al37 [P] | ||
| Moulin et al47 [S+P] | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | |||
| Spinelli et al40 [S] | ||||
| Gibbs and Sévigny60 [S] | ||||
| Sim et al37 [P]† | ||||
| Kidney | Milham59 [P] | Rommundstad et al54 [S+P] | Romundstad et al55 [P+S] | |
| Rockette and Arena35 [P and P+S] | Sim et al37 [P] | Gibbs and Sévigny44 | ||
| Gibbs et al43 [S] | ||||
| Sim et al37 [P] | ||||
| Urinary tract | Sim et al37 [P] | Björ et al58 [P+S] | ||
| Brain/central nervous system (malignant tumors) | Milham58 [P]Mur et al46 [S+P]Spinelli et al40 [S] | Björ et al58 [S+P] (central nervous system) | Spinelli et al40 [S]Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | |
| Pituitary adenomas | Cullen et al61 [P] | |||
| Thyroid | Romundstad et al54,55 [S+P] | |||
| Head and neck | Björ et al58 [P+S] | |||
| Lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma | Milham59 [P] | Rockette and Arena35 [P and S]Mur et al46 [S+P] (lymphosarcoma, reticulosarcoma, multiple myeloma, and other lymphoid tissues) | ||
| Hodgkin disease | Milham59 [P] | Romundstad et al36,54 [S+P] | ||
| Gibbs et al43 [S] | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | |||
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Spinelli et al40 [S] | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | ||
| Gibbs et al43 [S] | ||||
| Gibbs and Sévigny60 [S] | ||||
| Multiple myeloma | Mur et al46 [S+P] (lymphosarcoma, reticulosarcoma, multiple myeloma, and other lymphoid tissues) | Romundstad et al36,54 [P+S]Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | ||
| Gibbs et al43 [S] | ||||
| Gibbs and Sévigny60 [S] | ||||
| Other lymphatic cancers | Rockette and Arena35 [S] | |||
| Gibbs et al43 [S] | ||||
| Leukemia | Milham59 [P] | Romundstad et al36 [S+P] | ||
| Rockette and Arena35 [P and S and P+S] | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [P+S] (lymphatic and myeloid) | |||
| Mur et al46 [S+P]Gibbs et al43 [S] | ||||
| Gibbs and Sévigny60 [S] | ||||
| Lymphatic and hemopoietic cancers | Milham59 [P]Carta et al50 [S+P] (lymphomas and leukemias) | Rockette and Arena35 [S] | Gibbs and Sévigny44 [S] | |
*Not all authors are reported as later articles incorporated the same cohorts. Some of the excesses in this table did not show relationships with employment duration or exposure levels.
†Production, potroom, or maintenance workers.
‡Maintenance only, not production.
[P], prebake; [S], Söderberg process; [S+P], both Söderberg and prebake processes; [U], unspecified reduction process.