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. 2014 Aug 13;9(8):e104876. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104876

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© 2014 Gossner et al

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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Percentage of leaves damaged in the canopy and understory of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) separated by different damage types and occurrence of Phyllaphis fagi (canopy: N = 26,000 leaves, understorey: N = 7,760). The inset shows the average percentage of leaf area removed per tree (± standard error).