Figure 2. Herbivory of different damage types in different regions and forest types.

Percentage of leaves damaged in the canopy and understory of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) in stands of different management intensity (canopy: N = 26,000 leaves, understorey: N = 7,760). For significance of differences see Table 2 and Tables S1 to S3 in File S2. Due to the design of the experiment, means were compared in two models (Table 1), one including the region and omitting the selection cutting forests in Hainich-Dün (model 1, Table 2), and one restricted to Hainich-Dün including the selection cutting forests (model 2, Table S1 in File S2). Please see ‘Materials and Methods’ for detailed explanations.