Table 3. Significant effects (↑positive, ↓negative) of covariates regarding all models (model 1 ‘managed-unmanaged comparison’; model 2 ‘Hainich-Dün’; model 3 ‘age-class comparison’.

Covariates	Overalldamage	Chewingdamage	Orchestes fagi	Scrapingdamage	Gallmites	Aceria nervisequa	Aceria nervisequa faginea	Acalitus stenaspis	Gallmidges	Mikiola fagi	Hartigiola annulipes	Mines	Orchestes fagi	Stigmellaspp.	Phyllonorycter-group	Suckingdamage	Phyllaphis fagi
Solidvolume(models1, 2, 3)		↓ 1,2			↑ 1,2	↑ 1,2,3	↑ 1,2	↑ 1,2		↓ 1			↓ 1,2	↑ 3		↓ 1	↑ 3
Treenumber(model1, 3)	↑ 1	↑ 1			↓ 1	↓ 1,3	↓ 1	↓ 1	↑ 1	↑ 1				↓ 1
Plantdiversity(model1, 2)		↓ 2			↑ 1,2	↑ 1,2	↑ 1,2	↑ 2				↑ 2	↑ 1		↑ 2		↑ 1
CWD(model2, 3)												↓ 2			↓ 2	↑ 3

The number next to the arrows indicate respective model with significant results.