Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Year | Country | No. Patients | Mean Age(Yrs) | Male(%) | Definition of PF | Definition of DGE | Conversion rate, (%) | Quality scores | Type of MIPD | Operation indications | |||
| MIPD | OPD | MIPD | OPD | MIPD | OPD | |||||||||
| Kuroki T et al.26 | 2012 | Japan | 20 | 31 | 71.2±8.8 | 73.5±7.3 | 55 | 68 | ISGPF | ISGPS | 0 | 6 | NRA | 1,2,3,4,5,7 |
| Zureikat AH et al.27 | 2011 | USA | 14 | 14 | 79.8±10.2 | 67.4±11 | 79 | 50 | ISGPF | NR | 14 | 4 | NRA | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8 |
| Cho A et al.28 | 2009 | Japan | 15 | 15 | 64±10 | 68±9 | 40 | 47 | ISGPF | ISGPS | 0 | 6 | NRA | 1,2,3,4,5,8,9 |
| Asbun HJ et al.29 | 2012 | USA | 53 | 215 | 62.9±14.14 | 67.3±11.53 | 55 | 44 | ISGPF | ISGPS | 15 | 8 | NRA | 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9 |
| Mesleh MG et al.30 | 2013 | USA | 75 | 48 | NR | NR | 57 | 48 | ISGPF | ISGPS | 13 | 4 | NRA | 3,4,9 |
| Li Y et al.31 | 2013 | China | 20 | 47 | 57±11 | 58±10 | 60 | 68 | NR | ISGPS | 0 | 3 | NRA | 1,2,3,6,7 |
| Chalikonda S et al.32 | 2012 | USA | 30 | 30 | 62±11.4 | 61±12.7 | 54 | 54 | ISGPF | ISGPS | 10 | 6 | RA | 1,2,3,4 |
| Zhou NX et al.33 | 2011 | China | 8 | 8 | 64.38±9.08 | 59.38±9.38 | 63 | 50 | Suc B et al. | NR | 0 | 5 | RA | 1,2,3,8,9 |
| Bao PQ et al.34 | 2013 | USA | 28 | 28 | 68.0±11.2 | 67.7±12.5 | 46 | 46 | ISGPF | ISGPS | 14 | 8 | RA | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 |
| Lai EC et al.35 | 2012 | Hong Kong | 20 | 67 | 66.4±11.9 | 62.1±11.2 | 60 | 57 | NR | NR | 5 | 6 | RA | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 |
| Buchs NC et al.36 | 2011 | USA | 44 | 39 | 63±14.5 | 56±15.8 | 50 | 36 | ISGPF | NR | 4.5 | 7 | RA | 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9 |
NR, no record; NRA, no robot-assisted; RA, robot-assisted; Operation indications: 1.Cholangiocarcinoma 2.Pancreatic adenocarcinoma 3.Periampullar adenocarcinoma 4.Intraductal pancreatic mucinous neoplasm 5.pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor 6.gastrointestinal stromal tumor 7.Pancreatitis 8.Periampullar adenoma 9.Else.