Table 2.

Effect of IGF-1 administration on osteoporosis and bone metabolism.

Authors	n. subjects	Age	Dosage μ/kg/day	Duration	BF	BR	Clinical effects
Johansson et al., 1992 [262]	1 M	—	80 μ/kg/day × 2		↑	↑	Bone formation markers increased
Ebeling et al., 1993 [263]	18 PMO	74 ± 0.2  66.3 ± 7.8  67.4 ± 5.5  58.6 ± 4.4	30  60  120  180	7 days	↑	↑	Significant dose-dependent BR, less BF. Longer treatments are suggested
Rubin et al., 1994 [264]	1 W, Werner syndrome, low serum IGF-1 level, and osteoporosis.	—	30–75	6 months	↑	↑	Lumbar bone mass increased 3% BMD
Grinspoon et al., 1995 [265]	14 W normal	19–33	100 μ  ×  2	6 days	↑	—	Increase bone formation
Ghiron et al., 1995 [266]	16 w  healthy	71.9 ± 1.3	60, 15 μ (diet also)	28 days	↑	↑	Increase bone mass
Johansson et al., 1996 [257]	12 M IO	44 ± 8	80 µ	7 days	↑	↑	Enhanced bone formation and bone resorption
Grinspoon et al., 1996 [267]	23 W	18–29	200, 60 µ	6 days	↑	↑	Increases markers of bone turnover
Mauras et al., 1996 [268]	5 M + 3 W  3 M + 2 W	23–27  23–25	240 µ  100 µ	5–7 days	↑	↑	Synergize with sex steroids to maximally stimulate attainment of peak bone mass in humans
Bianda et al., 1997 [245]	7 M		192 µ	5 days	↑	↑	Serum osteocalcin and PICP, the urinary deoxypyridinoline/creatinine, and calcium/creatinine ratios got significantly higher
Berneis et al., 1999 [159]	24 M  healthy	24.5 ± 1.2	GH = 0.15 × 2 IU/kg/day  +  IGF-1 = 80 µ	6 days	—	—	Markedly counteracts diminished bone and body collagen synthesis caused by glucocorticoids
Friedlander et al., 2001 [269]	24 PMO	72 ± 2.7	15 µ/kg twice daily	1 year	↑	↑	No effect
Boonen et al., 2002 [270]	30 W	65–90	0.5–1 µ/kg/d	8 weeks	↑	↑	Effects on bone mass, muscle strength, and functional ability, beneficial trends
Grinspoon et al., 2002 [271]	60 W  osteopenia  with anorexia	18–38	30 μg/kg sc  twice daily	9 months	↑	—	Increased mIGFBP-2 and decreased IGFBP-3 and bone density increased
Grinspoon et al., 2003 [272]	65 W  anorexia  nervosa	25.6 ± 0.8	30 μg/kg sc  twice daily	9 months	—	—	IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are independent predictors of bone density
Misra et al., 2009 [273]	10 W low bone  density and anorexia	12–18	30–40 mcg/k  twice daily	7–9 days	↑	↑	Increase in PINP, a bone formation marker

M = men, W = women, PMO = postmenopausal women, MIO = men with idiopatic osteoporosis, BR = bone resorption, BF = bone formation.