Table 4.

Studies on tumor budding as a histomorphological prognostic factor in gastric adenocarcinoma.

Reference	Tumor subtype	Stage	N	Treatment	Method for assessment of TuB	Low-grade/high-grade TB%	Correlation of high-grade TB with clinicopathological features (p < 0.05)	Outcome
Gabbert et al., 1992 (20)	AC	I–IV	445	445/445 Patients treated by primary resection	Ueno et al., 2004 (22) H&E	48.3/51.7	T-stage, N-stage, tumor grade, circumferential resection margin involvement	OS 31 months in patients with low-grade TB; OS 15 months in patients with high-grade TB (p < 0.0001)
Tanaka et al., 2014 (21)	AC	I–IV	320	320/320 Patients treated by primary resection 111/320 Patients received adjuvant CTX 50/320 Patients received palliative CTX	Modified Karamitopoulou et al., 2013 (25) PanCK	40.0/60.0	T-stage, N-stage, L1, synchronous liver metastasis, other distant metastasis, larger tumor size, depressive macroscopic morphology	High-grade TB is a poor prognostic factor in patients with differentiated histology (n = 153; HR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.12–2.41; p < 0.01) in univariate analysis. Not independently prognostic in multivariate analysis.

TB, tumor budding; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; AC, adenocarcinoma; CTX, chemotherapy; RTX, radiotherapy; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; PanCK, pancytokeratin; V1, venous invasion; L1, lymphatic invasion; Pn1, perineural invasion; OS, overall survival.