Table 2.
Change in weight and other outcomes by intervention condition [least square mean (95% confidence interval)] (N=363, SBWI=165, STEP=198).
| Variable | Group | P-Values | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline to 3 Months |
Change from Baseline to 6 Months |
Change from Baseline to 9 Months |
Change from Baseline to 12 Months |
Change from Baseline to 15 Months |
Change from Baseline to 18 Months |
Group | Time | Group X Time |
||
| Weight Change from Baseline (kg) | SBWI | 93.1 (91.0,95.2) | −6.9 (−7.9, −5.9) | −9.6 (−10.7, −8.6) | −9.1 (−10.2, −8.0) | −9.1 (−10.2, −8.1) | −7.7 (−8.8, −6.6) | −7.6 (−8.7, −6.5) | 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
| STEP | 92.7 (90.8,94.6) | −5.5 (−6.5, −4.6) | −7.6 (−8.6, −6.7) | −7.7 (−8.7, −6.7) | −7.5 (−8.5, −6.5) | −6.2 (−7.2, −5.1) | −6.2 (−7.3, −5.2) | ||||
| Difference* | −1.36 (−2.8,0.0) (p= 0.06) |
−2.0 (−3.4, −0.6) (p= 0.01) |
−1.4 (−2.9,0.1) (p= 0.06) |
−1.6 (−3.1, −0.2) (p= 0.03) |
−1.6 (−3.1, −0.1) (p= 0.04) |
−1.3 (−2.8,0.2) (p= 0.09) |
|||||
| Percent Weight Change from Baseline (%) | SBWI | −7.4 (−8.47, −6.25) | −10.4 (−11.5, −9.20) | −9.8 (−11.0, −8.57) | −9.9 (−11.1, −8.6) | −8.4 (−9.7, −7.1) | −8.1 (−9.4, −6.9) | 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.04 | |
| STEP | −5.90 (−6.9, −4.9) | −8.2 (−9.2, −7.2) | −8.3 (−9.3, −7.3) | −8.3 (−9.3, −7.2) | −6.8 (−7.8, −5.7) | −6.9 (−8.0, −5.8) | |||||
| Difference* | −1.5 (−3.0,0.0) (p= 0.06) |
−2.1 (−3.7, −0.6) (p= 0.01) |
−1.5 (−3.2,0.1) (p= 0.07) |
−1.6 (−3.3,0.1) (p= 0.06) |
−1.6 (−3.3,0.2) (p= 0.08) |
−1.2 (−3.0,0.6) (p= 0.20) |
|||||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | SBWI | 33.0 (32.4,33.6) | −2.4 (−2.8, −2.1) | −3.4 (−3.8, −3.0) | −3.2 (−3.6, −2.9) | −3.2 (−3.6, −2.9) | −2.73 (−3.13, −2.34) | −2.67 (−3.06, −2.28) | 0.02 | <.01 | 0.04 |
| STEP | 33.0 (32.4,33.5) | −1.9 (−2.3, −1.6) | −2.7 (−3.0, −2.4) | −2.7 (−3.1, −2.4) | −2.7 (−3.0, −2.3) | −2.18 (−2.53, −1.82) | −2.21 (−2.58, −1.84) | ||||
| Difference* | −0.5 (−1.0,0.0) (p= 0.06) |
−0.7 (−1.2, −0.2) (p= 0.01) |
−0.5 (−1.0,0.0) (p= 0.06) |
−0.6 (−1.1, −0.0) (p= 0.04) |
−0.56 (−1.08, −0.03) (p= 0.0384) |
−0.47 (−1.00,0.06) (p= 0.0861) |
|||||
| Waist (cm) | SBWI | 106.5 (104.9,108.2) | −10.6 (−12.0, −9.21) | −10.4 (−11.9, −9.0) | −10.0 (−11.4, −8.5) | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.11 | |||
| STEP | 107.1 (105.6,108.6) | −8.7 (−9.8, −7.5) | −9.6 (−10.8, −8.3) | −9.2 (−10.4, −8.0) | |||||||
| Difference* | −1.9 (−3.8, −0.2) (p= 0.03) |
−0.9 (−2.7,1.0) (p= 0.37) |
−0.8 (−2.6,1.1) (p= 0.44) |
||||||||
| Percent Body Fat (%) | SBWI | 34.0 (32.9,35.0) | −6.3 (−7.1, −5.6) | −6.1 (−6.9, −5.3) | −5.6 (−6.4, −4.8) | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.51 | |||
| STEP | 34.1 (33.2,35.1) | −5.4 (−6.1, −4.7) | −5.3 (−6.1, −4.5) | −5.0 (−5.7, −4.3) | |||||||
| Difference* | −0.9 (−2.02,0.09) (p= 0.07) |
−0.8 (−1.9,0.3) (p= 0.17) |
−0.6 (−1.7,0.5) (p= 0.25) |
||||||||
| Resting Heart Rate (beats per minute) | SBWI | 73.8 (72.2,75.3) | −5.1 (−6.6, −3.7) | −3.9 (−5.5, −2.3) | −3.6 (−5.1, −2.2) | 0.64 | 0.01 | 0.69 | |||
| STEP | 73.1 (71.7,74.5) | −5.1 (−6.4, −3.9) | −4.0 (−5.6, −2.5) | −4.5 (−5.5, −3.0) | |||||||
| Difference* | −0.01 (−2.0,1.9) (p= 0.99) |
0.2 (−1.7,2.0) (p= 0.85) |
0.6 (−1.2,2.5) (p= 0.51) |
||||||||
| Resting Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | SBWI | 117.5 (115.7,119.2) | −8.6 (−10.1, −7.1) | −6.5 (−8.3, −4.8) | −7.3 (−8.8, −5.7) | 0.52 | <0.01 | 0.40 | |||
| STEP | 118.4 (116.8,120.0) | −7.6 (−8.9, −6.3) | −6.1 (−7.7, −4.4) | −7.5 (−8.9, −6.2) | |||||||
| Difference* | −1.0 (−3.1,1.1) (p= 0.35) |
−0.5 (−2.4,1.5) (p= 0.64) |
0.3 (−1.7,2.3) (p= 0.78) |
||||||||
| Resting Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | SBWI | 77.9 (76.7,79.1) | −4.8 (−5.8, −3.8) | −3.1 (−4.3, −1.9) | −4.2 (−5.3, −3.2) | 0.58 | <.01 | 0.31 | |||
| STEP | 77.5 (76.5,78.6) | −4.2 (−5.1, −3.3) | −3.3 (−4.4, −2.2) | −3.9 (−4.8, −3.0) | |||||||
| Difference* | −0.6 (−2.0,0.8) (p= 0.39) |
0.2 (−1.1,1.6) (p= 0.76) |
−0.3 (−1.7,1.0) (p= 0.63) |
||||||||
| Fitness (minutes) | SBWI | 10.1 (9.5,10.6) | 3.3 (2.9,3.8) | 3.1 (2.7,3.6) | 2.7 (2.2,3.2) | 0.33 | <0.01 | 0.33 | |||
| STEP | 10.1 (9.7,10.6) | 3.0 (2.6,3.4) | 2.9 (2.5,3.3) | 2.7 (2.3,3.1) | |||||||
| Difference* | 0.3 (−0.2,1.0) (p= 0.25) |
0.2 (−0.4,0.9) (p= 0.43) |
0.0 (−0.6,0.7) (p= 0.92) |
||||||||
| Paffenbarger Physical Activity (kcal/wk) | SBWI | 717.1 (516.3,917.9) | 1204 (987,1422) | 1273 (1041,1506) | 876 (617,1135) | 830 (589,1072) | 962 (719,1204) | 700 (474,926) | 0.42 | <.01 | 0.66 |
| STEP | 654.8 (471.8,837.7) | 1101 (903,1298) | 1262 (1049,1475) | 1014 (807,1220) | 938 (717,1159) | 1050 (807,1292) | 841 (627,1054) | ||||
| Difference* | 103 (−189,396) (p= 0.49) |
11 (−290,312) (p= 0.94) |
−138 (−488,213) (p= 0.44) |
−108 (−431,215) (p= 0.51) |
−88 (−405,230) (p= 0.59) |
−141 (−449,168) (p= 0.37) |
|||||
| Armband Physical Activity (min/wk) | SBWI | 92.9 (64.2,121.6) | 145.0 (113.8,176.3) | 80.7 (49.8,111.6) | 84.1 (52.4,115.8) | 0.37 | <.01 | 0.83 | |||
| STEP | 86.9 (60.3,113.4) | 136.7 (106.6,166.9) | 67.7 (39.3,96.2) | 68.7 (39.2,98.2) | |||||||
| Difference* | 8.3 (−32.7,49.3) (p= 0.69) |
13.0 (−27.6,53.6) (p= 0.53) |
15.4 (−27.0,57.7) (p= 0.48) |
||||||||
| Dietary Intake(kcal/d) | SBWI | 2140 (2028,2252) | −601 (−675, −526) | −545 (−633, −456) | −511 (−602, −420) | 0.39 | 0.08 | 0.25 | |||
| STEP | 1965 (1865,2064) | −546 (−619, −473) | −508 (−582, −434) | −537 (−611, −463) | |||||||
| Difference* | −54.7 (−162,52) (p= 0.32) |
−37 (−152,78) (p= 0.53) |
26 (−96,148) (p= 0.68) |
||||||||
| Percent Dietary Fat Intake (%) | SBWI | 37.5 (36.6,38.4) | −6.2 (−7.0, −5.3) | −4.7 (−5.7, −3.7) | −3.9 (−5.0, −2.9) | 0.43 | <.01 | 0.60 | |||
| STEP | 37.8 (37.0,38.6) | −5.8 (−6.7, −5.0) | −4.4 (−5.2, −3.6) | −4.0 (−4.8, −3.1) | |||||||
| Difference* | −0.3 (−1.6,0.9) (p= 0.58) |
−0.3 (−1.6,1.0) (p= 0.65) |
0.1 (−1.4,1.4) (p= 0.98) |
||||||||
| Percent Carbohydrate Intake (%) | SBWI | 47.2 (46.0,48.3) | 5.1 (4.1,6.2) | 4.4 (3.2,5.6) | 3.6 (2.3,4.8) | 0.22 | <0.01 | 0.50 | |||
| STEP | 46.3 (45.2,47.3) | 4.5 (3.5,5.6) | 3.5 (2.5,4.6) | 3.2 (2.2,4.3) | |||||||
| Difference* | 0.6 (−0.9,2.1) (p= 0.45) |
0.9 (−0.7,2.5) (p= 0.28) |
0.4 (−1.4,2.1) (p= 0.69) |
||||||||
| Percent Protein Intake (%) | SBWI | 15.5 (15.1,16.0) | 1.3 (0.9,1.7) | 0.9 (0.4,1.4) | 0.8 (0.3,1.3) | 0.27 | <0.01 | 0.69 | |||
| STEP | 15.8 (15.4,16.2) | 1.5 (1.1,2.0) | 1.1 (0.7,1.5) | 1.0 (0.5,1.4) | |||||||
| Difference* | −0.2 (−0.9,0.4) (p= 0.47) |
−0.2 (−0.9,0.5) (p= 0.52) |
−0.2 (−0.9,0.6) (p= 0.66) |
||||||||
*
Represents the difference in the change values from baseline between SBWI and STEP. These models are adjusted for baseline value.