Table 3.
Multivariable logistic models of STH infections using Generalized Estimating Equations to account for within-school clustering
| A. lumbricoides | T. trichiura | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. lumbricoides | T. trichiura | Hookworms | Mixed infections | Mod-heavy | Mod-heavy | |||||||
| (n = 307) | (n = 317) | (n = 320) | (n = 310) | (n = 96) | (n = 211) | |||||||
| Variables (Risk category) | OR (95% CI) | p-value a | OR (95% CI) | p-value a | OR (95% CI) | p-value a | OR (95% CI) | p-value a | OR (95% CI) | p-value a | OR (95% CI) | p-value a |
| Ageb | 0.84 (0.67-1.05) | 0.120 | 1.14 (0.92-1.43) | 0.226 | 1.21 (0.96-1.53) | 0.107 | -- | -- | 0.85 (0.65-1.09) | 0.206 | ||
| Sex (Boys) | 1.64 (0.90-3.00) | 0.106 | -- | 2.33 (1.23-4.42) | 0.010 | 2.09 (1.17-3.75) | 0.013 | -- | -- | |||
| SES (Lower)c | 0.80 (0.65-0.99) | 0.039 | 0.77 (0.63-0.94) | 0.010 | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| Earthen floor at home (Total or partial) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.87 (0.77-4.55) | 0.166 | 2.12 (1.05-4.29) | 0.036 | ||||
| Home sanitary facility (None) | -- | -- | 3.23 (1.37-7.57) | 0.007 | -- | -- | 2.30 (0.94-5.64) | 0.068 | ||||
| Handwashing (Occasionally) | 2.56 (0.96-6.79) | 0.060 | 2.70 (0.93-7.81) | 0.067 | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| Open Defecation (Habitual or occasional) | -- | -- | -- | 1.78 (0.97-3.27) | 0.064 | -- | -- | |||||
| Wearing shoes outdoors (No) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 3.44 (1.73-6.87) | <0.001 | |||||
| Recalled expelling worms (Yes) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 3.00 (1.19-7.55) | 0.020 | -- | |||||
| Recalled deworming (Yes)d | 0.37 (0.14-0.96) | 0.042 | -- | -- | 0.55 (0.23-1.31) | 0.178 | -- | -- | ||||
| STH awareness (Lower)e | -- | -- | 0.72 (0.52-0.99) | 0.040 | 0.75 (0.57-0.98) | 0.036 | -- | -- | ||||
| School deworming (None or only once a year) | 10.40 (4.39-24.65) | <0.001 | 2.08 (0.97-4.45) | 0.067 | 2.92 (1.09-7.85) | 0.034 | 10.57 (4.53-24.66) | <0.001 | -- | 8.12 (2.33-28.20) | 0.001 | |
| School hygiene (Lower level) | 14.85 (7.29-30.24) | <0.001 | 7.32 (3.71-14.45) | <0.001 | -- | 9.02 (4.66-17.46) | <0.001 | 3.32 (1.05-10.52) | 0.041 | -- |
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; STH: soil-transmitted helminth; SES: socio-economic status.
a p-value from likelihood ratio test.
bAge as continuous variable in years.
cSES quintiles calculated as described in Methods. Three missing data (n = 317).
dTen children did not recall receiving previous deworming treatment.
eSTH Awareness score calculated as described in Methods. Range = 0 – 5.
(--) Variable not included in the final model.