Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 14.
Published in final edited form as: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 Feb;1248:39–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06415.x

Table 1.

Addiction characteristics/processes for which there is evidence of a strong genetic basis in humans

Addiction Characteristic/Process Page
Strength of Dependence 2
Cognition: 3
  Conditioning/Habit Mechanisms 6
  Withdrawal Deficits in Memory/Cognition 7
  Rate of Extinction 7
  Craving 8
  Incubation 10
Non-cognitive withdrawal symptoms 11
Stress relief 12
Affective symptoms in withdrawal 13
Impaired delayed discounting 14