Table 2.

Animal models of human addiction characteristics/processes for which there is evidence of a strong genetic basis

Addiction Characteristic/Process	Page	Model (s)
Strength of Dependence	16	IV Self-administration including concurrent punishment schedule, progressive ratio, extinction and reinstatement
		Oral self-administration with assessment of withdrawal
Cognition:
Conditioning/Habit Mechanisms	26	Conditioned Place Preference
		Withdrawal-induced Place Avoidance
		Cue-induced reinstatement
		Habit: Reinforcer devaluation after over-learning
Withdrawal Deficits in Memory/Cognition	32	Delay cue/contextual conditioning - baseline and nicotine withdrawal
		5-choice serial reaction time task- baseline and nicotine withdrawal
		Schizophrenia model of impaired prepulse inhibition of startle
Rate of Extinction	40	Extinction of Conditioned Place Preference
		IV Self-administration extinction; extinction of cue-induced reinstatement
Craving	42	Cue, drug and stress-induced reinstatement of CPP
		Cue, drug and stress-induced reinstatement of self-administration
Incubation	43	Self-administration incubation procedure
Non-cognitive withdrawal symptoms	44	Chronic Nicotine/Withdrawal regulation of weight and food intake
Stress relief	45	Extent to which nicotine self-administration (oral or iv) is increased in response to acute or repeated stressors
Affective symptoms in withdrawal	48	Effect of withdrawal in standard depression/anxiety models, including assessment of anhedonia by ICSS or sucrose preference procedures
Impaired delayed discounting	49	Delayed discounting for food/nicotine reinforcement