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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2014 Feb;103:42–50. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.021

Table 2.

Distribution of measures of structural racism.

Measure of structural racism Mean ratiosa (SE) Range
Political participation
 Registered to vote 0.86 (0.10) 0.42–1.03
 Voted 0.85 (0.12) 0.44–1.09
 State elected officials 0.13 (0.08) 0.00–0.35
Employment and job status
 Civilian labor 0.99 (0.07) 0.80–1.21
 Employed 0.95 (0.07) 0.75–1.14
 Executive or managerial position 0.66 (0.19) 0.004–1.47
 Professional specialty 0.76 (0.22) 0.003–1.66
Educational attainment
 Bachelor's degree or higher 0.57 (0.10) 0.23–1.32
Judicial treatment
 Incarcerated 6.68 (2.53) 1.90–19.00
 Disenfranchised 7.33 (5.65) 1.94–68.82
 Death row 6.01 (6.17) 0.00–33.35
a

Ratios refer to relative proportions of Blacks to Whites within each state. The mean ratio scores across all states are represented here.