Table 3.

Distribution of themes and sub-themes across included articles.

Physical and social environments to escape everyday and structural violence
Providing refuge from the drug scene	Fairbairn et al., 2008; Kerr et al., 2007; Kimber & Dolan, 2007; Krusi et al., 2009; MacNeil & Pauly, 2011; McLean, 2012; Parker et al., 2012; Power et al., 2005; Sherman et al., 2008; Sherman et al., 2009; Small et al., 2012a; Small et al., 2012b
Understandings the contexts of safety	Fairbairn et al., 2008; Kerr et al., 2007; Krusi et al., 2009; MacNeil & Pauly, 2011; McLean, 2012; Parker et al., 2012; Rhodes et al., 2003; Small et al., 2011b; Small et al., 2012b
Enabling safer drug use practices
Reshaping the social and environment contexts of injecting	Bluthenthal et al., 1997; Fairbairn et al., 2008; Finlinson et al., 2000; Kerr et al., 2007; Kimber & Dolan, 2007; Krusi et al., 2009; MacNeil & Pauly, 2011; McLean, 2012; Ngo et al., 2009; Parker et al., 2012; Power et al., 2005; Sherman et al., 2009; Small et al., 2011a; Small et al., 2011b; Small et al., 2012a; Small et al., 2012b
Situating understandings of safer injecting	Fairbairn et al., 2008; Fairbairn et al., 2010; Fast et al., 2008; Kerr et al., 2007; Krusi et al., 2009; Parker et al., 2012; Power et al., 2005; Sherman et al., 2008; Sherman et al., 2009; Small et al., 2011; Small et al., 2012a; Small et al., 2012b; Spittal et al., 2004
Locating interventions within the geography of survival
Mediating access to support and care	Fairbairn et al., 2008; Fast et al., 2008; Kerr et al., 2007; MacNeil & Pauly, 2011; Porter et al., 2002; Power et al., 2005; Sarang et al., 2008; Sarang et al., 2010; Sherman et al., 2008; Sherman et al., 2009; Small et al., 2008; Small et al., 2009; Small et al., 2012a Small et al., 2012b
3.2. Fostering trust to improve access to medical care	Krusi et al., 2009; MacNeil & Pauly, 2011; Porter et al., 2002; Small et al., 2008; Small et al., 2009
Factors constraining the effectiveness of safer environment interventions
The impact of drug law enforcement	Andrade et al., 2001; Bluthenthal et al., 1997; Cooper et al., 2005; Fairbairn et al., 2010; Finlinson et al., 1999; Finlinson et al., 2000; Ngo et al., 2009; Power et al., 2005; Rhodes et al., 2003; Sarang et al., 2008; Sarang et al., 2010; Sherman et al., 2009
Barriers due to operating procedures and regulations	Bourgois & Bruneau, 2000; Fairbairn et al., 2008; Fairbairn et al., 2010; Kerr et al., 2007; Krusi et al., 2009; Rhodes et al., 2003; Sarang et al., 2008; Sarang et al., 2010; Small et al., 2011a; Small et al., 2011b; Small et al., 2012a; Small et al., 2012b