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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ageing Res Rev. 2014 Jun 5;0:66–82. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.05.003

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Mechanisms of aging. The diagram illustrates the nine hallmarks of aging as described by López-Otin et al (2013); several of these mechanisms are described in section 2 of this review. Aging animals often display noticeable changes in external appearance, body shape and posture. The center shows a stereotypical silhouette of an aging person with balding head and stooped posture due to various degenerative diseases. Some aging flatworms can show comparable changes such as a surface head groove (asterisk) and a body deformed by cysts (c); note how the digestive tract or gut (g) is pushed to the side. The 2 black dots represent the eyes. The drawing is an original based on micrographs of Macrostomum lignano (Mouton et al., 2009; see section 7).