Table 2.
Demographic, clinical, genetic, CSF biomarker, and neuropsychological characteristics of MCI subtypes resulting from cluster analyses of participants diagnosed via conventional ADNI MCI criteria (left) and actuarial neuropsychological criteria (right)
| Conventional Petersen/Winblad ADNI MCI criteria
|
Actuarial Jak/Bondi neuropsychological MCI criteria
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amnestic (n = 477) | Dysexec/ Mixed (n = 104) | Cluster derived normal (n = 265) | F | Sig | Amnestic (n = 236) | Impaired language (n = 86) | Dysexec/Mixed (n = 79) | F | Sig | |
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age | 73.1 (7.2) | 74.1 (7.9) | 72.9 (8.3) | 1.0 | p = 0.36 | 72.6 (7.4) | 75.9 (6.5) | 74.5 (7.9) | 6.9 | p = 0.001 |
| Education | 16.0 (2.8) | 14.8 (3.4) | 16.5 (2.5) | 14.5 | p < 0.001 | 16.0 (2.8) | 14.9 (3.0) | 14.5 (3.5) | 8.4 | p < 0.001 |
| Gender (F/M) | 171/306 | 41/63 | 131/134 | χ2 = 13.1 | p = 0.001 | 86/150 | 40/46 | 30/49 | χ2 = 2.7 | p = 0.26 |
| Cluster Analysis Measures | ||||||||||
| Language | ||||||||||
| Animal Fluency | −0.6 (0.8) | −1.3 (0.7) | −0.1 (0.9) | 90.79 | p < 0.001 | −0.7 (0.9) | −1.2 (0.7) | −1.4 (0.7) | 33.88 | p < 0.001 |
| Boston Naming Test | −0.3 (1.1) | −1.1 (1.5) | 0.2 (0.7) | 56.25 | p < 0.001 | −0.2 (0.8) | −1.4 (1.5) | −1.5 (1.6) | 61.36 | p < 0.001 |
| Speed/Executive Function | ||||||||||
| Trail Making Test, Part A | −0.2 (0.8) | −2.7 (2.2) | −0.1 (0.8) | 246.78 | p < 0.001 | −0.3 (0.8) | −1.0 (0.9) | −3.0 (2.4) | 130.76 | p < 0.001 |
| Trail Making Test, Part B | −0.3 (0.8) | −3.6 (1.1) | 0.1 (0.7) | 806.55 | p < 0.001 | −0.4 (0.9) | −1.1 (1.1) | −3.8 (0.9) | 355.12 | p < 0.001 |
| Memory | ||||||||||
| AVLT Recall | −1.4 (0.7) | −1.3 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.9) | 449.43 | p < 0.001 | −1.7 (0.6) | −0.8 (1.0) | −1.2 (0.8) | 48.99 | p < 0.001 |
| AVLT Recognition | −1.1 (0.8) | −1.1 (1.1) | 0.4 (0.6) | 303.67 | p < 0.001 | −1.7 (0.7) | −0.1 (0.9) | −1.4 (0.9) | 118.69 | p < 0.001 |
| Genetic / CSF Biomarkers* | ||||||||||
| APOE (ε4/non-ε4) | 261/210 | 60/43 | 100/162 | χ2 = 23.0 | p < 0.001 | 140/92 | 51/35 | 41/37 | χ2 = 1.5 | p = 0.48 |
| Aβ1–42 (pg/ml) | 177.4 (68.7) | 164.9 (59.1) | 230.9 (68.5) | 33.3 | p < 0.001 | 170.8 (68.0) | 173.8 (71.2) | 164.3 (62.3) | 0.3 | P = 0.75 |
| Total tau (pg/ml) | 99.4 (63.4) | 104.4 (56.6) | 77.6 (47.7) | 7.8 | p < 0.001 | 100.4 (68.1) | 101.3 (58.7) | 98.2 (53.6) | 0.0 | p = 0.96 |
| p-tau (pg/ml) | 31.9 (17.7) | 36.8 (16.1) | 22.9 (11.3) | 21.4 | p < 0.001 | 33.2 (19.1) | 27.8 (15.0) | 37.6 (15.5) | 2.8 | p = 0.06 |
| p-tau/Aβ1–42 | 0.22 (0.18) | 0.25 (0.13) | 0.12 (0.10) | 24.7 | p < 0.001 | 0.23 (0.18) | 0.20 (0.15) | 0.26 (0.13) | 1.2 | p = 0.30 |
| Clinical Characteristics | ||||||||||
| GDS | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.5 (1.5) | 1.8 (1.6) | 5.3 | p < 0.01 | 1.4 (1.5) | 1.7 (1.5) | 1.5 (1.6) | 3.0 | p = 0.05 |
| NPI-Q | 1.9 (2.6) | 2.1 (2.9) | 2.0 (3.1) | 0.3 | p = 0.77 | 2.0 (2.9) | 2.5 (3.2) | 2.2 (3.1) | 0.6 | p = 0.55 |
| FAQ | 3.6 (4.4) | 4.7 (4.6) | 1.7 (2.8) | 25.5 | p < 0.001 | 5.2 (5.1) | 4.3 (5.1) | 4.5 (4.5) | 1.2 | p = 0.31 |
| 6-month MMSE follow-up | 26.8 (2.4) | 25.0 (3.0) | 28.5 (1.5) | 83.1 | p < 0.001 | 26.3 (2.2) | 26.0 (2.8) | 24.9 (3.2) | 6.7 | p = 0.001 |
Aβ1–42, amyloid-β protein; ADNI, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; AVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; APOE, apolipoprotein E; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FAQ, Functional Activity Questionnaire; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NPI-Q, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; p-tau, hyperphosphorylated tau; pg/ml, picograms/milliliters.
Information regarding APOE genotype was not available for 10 participants classified as MCI by conventional ADNI criteria and 5 participants classified as MCI by actuarial neuropsychological criteria. For MCI participants classified using conventional ADNI criteria, CSF biomarker data were available for 244 participants in the Amnestic MCI subgroup (51.2%), 53 participants in the Dysexecutive/Mixed MCI subgroup (51.0%), and 146 participants in the Cluster-Derived Normal subgroup (55.1%). For MCI participants identified using the actuarial neuropsychological criteria, CSF biomarker data were available for 130 participants from the Amnestic subgroup (55.1%), 38 participants from the Impaired Language subgroup (44.2%), and 38 participants from the Dysexecutive/Mixed subgroup (48.1%).