Table 1.

Controversy about Escherichia coli imbalances in ulcerative colitis

Ref.	Method	Samples	Comments
Increased E. coli abundance in CD but not UC
Martin et al[12]	Culture	Biopsies	Specially hemagglutinin-positive strains
Martinez-Medina et al[13]	qPCR	Biopsies	Specially in ileal CD
Lopez-Siles et al[11]	qPCR	Biopsies	Specially in active CD
Darfeuille-Michaud et al[7]1	culture	Biopsies	Specially in ileal lesions
Baumgart et al[6]1	qPCR	Biopsies	Specially in ileal CD
Willing et al[2]1	qPCR	Biopsies	Specially in ileal CD
Increased E. coli abundance in CD and UC
Mylonaki et al[14]	FISH	Biopsies	Specially in active UC patients
Kotlowski et al[10]	culture	Biopsies
Rehman et al[16]	cloning	Biopsies
Fujita et al[8]	qPCR	Biopsies
Schwiertz et al[18]	qPCR	Feces	Specially in active CD patients
Sha et al[22]	qPCR	Feces	Specially in active UC and CD patients
Pilarczyk-Zurek et al[23]2	qPCR	Biopsies	Specially in inflamed UC tissue

¹Increased E. coli abundance in CD with respect to controls but UC patients were not included in the study; ²Increased E. coli abundance in UC with respect to controls but CD patients were not included in the study. CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; E. coli: Escherichia coli.