Table 1.

Prognostic indicators of response to anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment in ulcerative colitis

At initiation of treatment	During treatment
Clinical and epidemiological parameters
Severity of the disease	Early clinical response
Younger age
Duration of colitis < 3 yr
Extensive colitis
Laboratory indicators
CRP	Low CRP at week 12
Hemoglobin	Drop of serum CRP
Serum albumin	Fecal calprotectin
Immunological and genetic markers
p-ANCA	Gene expression profiling
Pre-treatment mucosal TNF-α expression	Percentages of regulatory T cells
Mucosal expression of IL-17 and IFN-γ
Genetic polymorphisms
Endoscopic findings
	Mucosal healing
Treatment-related factors
Pharmacological history	Number of IFX infusions
Exposure to immunosuppressants	Co-administration of immunosuppressants
Response to prior treatment with infliximab	Escalation of anti-TNF therapy
	IFX trough levels
	Antibodies against anti-TNF

CRP: C-reactive protein; p-ANCA: Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies; TNF:Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; INF: Interferon; IFX: Infliximab.