Table 3.
Sociodemographic and Clinical Data
| Variables | Groups in Analysis 1 | Groups in Analysis 2 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC1 | SZ | MD | BPD | ARMS | F /χ2 | P | HC2 | ARMS-E | ARMS-L | RO-SZ | RE-SZ | F /χ2 | P | |
| Sociodemographic data | ||||||||||||||
| N | 437 | 141 | 104 | 57 | 89 | 102 | 21 | 68 | 61 | 80 | ||||
| Age (y), mean (SD) | 32.6 (10.9) | 28.5 (7.32) | 42.3 (12.0) | 25.6 (6.7) | 24.9 (5.8) | 50.9 | <.001 | 26.5 (5.9) | 25.6 (5.6) | 24.6 (5.9) | 26.3 (5.8) | 30.3 (7.9) | 8.0 | <.001 |
| Sex, M/F (% M) | 223/214 (51.0%) | 108/33 (76.6%) | 52/52 (50%) | 0/57 (0%) | 56/33 (62.9%) | 100.4 | <.001 | 73/29 (71.6%) | 10/11 (47.6%) | 46/22 (67.6%) | 45/16 (73.8%) | 63/17 (78.8%) | 8.6 | .072 |
| Handedness, R/L/Ambi. (%R) | 371/45/9 (87.2%) | 130/8/3 (92.2%) | 74/4/0 (94.9%) | 53/4/0 (93.0%) | 78/8/3 (87.6%) | 9.0 | .335 | 79/17/2 (80.6%) | 17/3/1 (81%) | 61/5/2 (89.7%) | 55/5/1 (90.2%) | 75/3/2 (93.8%) | 11.3 | .179 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD)a | 23.3 (3.3) | 24.1 (4.4) | 23.9 (4.1) | 24.2 (5.0) | 22.1 (3.0) | 3.3 | .011 | 22.7 (3.1) | 21.1 (2.4) | 23.0 (3.3) | 23.0 (4.4) | 24.9 (4.2) | 5.5 | <.001 |
| Schooling (y), mean (SD) | 12.2 (1.3) | 10.7 (2.0) | 10.8 (1.7) | 11.2 (1.6) | 11.2 (1.9) | 31.5 | <.001 | 12.0 (1.2) | 11.5 (2.9) | 11.1 (1.5) | 10.8 (2.1) | 10.6 (1.8) | 9.1 | <.001 |
| Alcohol (g/day), mean (SD)a | 8.0 (10.3) | 11.2 (25.5) | 11.2 (21.1) | 8.1 (24.5) | 5.7 (12.4) | 1.8 | .128 | 9.6 (13.5) | 2.9 (5.6) | 7.7 (15.3) | 11.7 (20.2) | 10.8 (29.1) | 0.8 | .525 |
| Nicotine (no. of cigarettes/day), mean (SD)a | 3.9 (7.5) | 13.2 (13.7) | 9.7 (13.4) | 10.5 (11.5) | 7.0 (9.8) | 24.0 | <.001 | 3.6 (7.3) | 7.0 (9.9) | 7.0 (9.8) | 13.8 (14.6) | 12.7 (13.0) | 8.6 | <.001 |
| Clinical data | ||||||||||||||
| Age of onset (y), mean (SD) | 24.2 (6.2) | 36.5 (12.0) | 16.5 (5.9) | — | 101.3 | <.001 | — | — | — | 26.1 (5.8) | 22.7 (5.7) | 11.7 | .001 | |
| Illness duration (y), mean (SD) | 4.3 (6.4) | 5.8 (7.8) | 9.4 (7.5) | — | 8.7 | <.001 | — | — | — | 0.29 (0.20) | 7.2 (7.1) | 57.1 | <.001 | |
| AP at MRI, no. of patients (%) | 126 (90.0%) | 18 (17.3%) | 20 (38.5%) | — | 135.0 | <.001 | — | — | — | 49 (81.7%) | 77 (96.2%) | 8.1 | .008 | |
| Typical AP at MRI, no. of patients (%) | 45 (32.1%) | 10 (9.6%) | 9 (17.3%) | — | 18.6 | <.001 | — | — | — | 21 (35.0%) | 24 (30.0%) | 0.4 | .585 | |
| Atypical AP at MRI, no. of patients (%) | 95 (67.9%) | 9 (8.7%) | 12 (23.1%) | — | 94.6 | <.001 | — | — | — | 33 (55.0%) | 62 (77.5%) | 8.0 | .006 | |
| Typical and atypical AP at MRI, no. of patients (%) | 14 (10.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (1.9%) | — | 11.0 | .005 | — | — | — | 5 (8.3%) | 9 (11.2%) | 0.3 | .777 | |
| CPZ-equivalent dose (mg), mean (SD) | 358.9 (382.4) | 43.8 (162.0) | 91.1 (266.8) | — | 35.2 | <.001 | — | — | — | 303.2 (392.2) | 404.4 (370.7) | 1.6 | .212 | |
| Antidepressants at MRI, no. of patients (%)a | — | 11 (7.9%) | 76 (73.1%) | 38 (66.7%) | 9 (17.3%) | 134.6 | <.001 | 5 (23.8%) | 4 (12.9%) | 1 (1.6%) | 10 (12.7%) | 10.3 | .015 | |
| Mood stabilizers at MRI, no. of patients (%) | — | 5 (3.6%) | 13 (12.5%) | 11 (21.2%) | — | 14.7 | .006 | — | — | 0 (0%) | 5 (6.3%) | 4.0 | .068 | |
| Lithium at MRI, no. of patients (%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (6.7%) | 1 (1.9%) | — | 10.4 | .006 | — | — | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | — | — | ||
| PANSS total, mean (SD)a | — | 81.9 (28.9) | — | 70.0 (18.4) | 60.1 (19.6) | 12.2 | <.001 | — | 56.8 (14.0) | 62.0 (22.2) | 77.6 (32.8) | 85.1 (25.4) | 7.4 | <.001 |
| PANSS positive, mean (SD)a | — | 18.3 (8.0) | — | 12.8 (5.1) | 12.3 (4.3) | 17.7 | <.001 | — | 9.86 (2.6) | 13.7 (4.5) | 19.7 (8.2) | 17.2 (7.7) | 8.8 | <.001 |
| PANSS negative, mean (SD)a | — | 22.2 (9.6) | — | 13.8 (5.0) | 15.4 (7.8) | 20.8 | <.001 | — | 14.9 (6.7) | 15.7 (8.5) | 19.4 (10.1) | 24.4 (8.7) | 9.1 | <.001 |
| PANSS general, mean (SD)a | — | 41.4 (16.0) | — | 43.4 (10.7) | 32.4 (10.0) | 7.5 | .001 | — | 32.0 (7.9) | 32.6 (11.1) | 38.6 (18.2) | 43.5 (13.8) | 4.9 | .003 |
| SANS sum, mean (SD) | — | 44.7 (26.9) | — | — | — | — | — | 37.5 (28.8) | 49.8 (24.5) | 3.6 | .031 | |||
| HAMD sum, mean (SD) | 21.3 (9.5) | 22.4 (11.5) | — | 0.26 | .614 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Note: Ambi., ambidextrous; AP, antipsychotic; CPZ, chlorpromazine; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; L, left; PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale; R, right; RE, recurrently ill; RO, recent onset; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Abbreviations are explained in the first footnote to table 1. The HC1, HC2, and ARMS groups include subjects from the Munich and FePsy databases. Statistics: F test value of ANOVA; χ2: value of chi-square test. Bold values are significant at P < 0.05.
aAnalysis includes only Munich ARMS data (N = 52) because FePsy information was unavailable.