Table 4.
Exploratory Association Analyses Between BrainAGE and Sociodemographic and Clinical Variables
| Association Between BrainAGE and … | Groups in Analysis 1 | Groups in Analysis 2 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC1 | SZ | MD | BPD | ARMS | HC2 | ARMS-E | ARMS-L | RO-SZ | RE-SZ | |
| (i) Sociodemographic variables | ||||||||||
| Educational years, R (P) | .004 (.930) | −.150 (.079) | −.074 (.527) | −.010 (.950) | .025 (.815) | −.028 (.787) | .262 (.252) | −.079 (.524) | −.243 (.063) | −.002 (.985) |
| Body mass index, R (P) | .071 (.178) | .157 (.066) | −.012 (.917) | .133 (.406) | .078 (.626) | .156 (.188) | −.425 (.079) | .287 (.184) | .364 (.005) | −.068 (.559) |
| (ii) Nicotine and alcohol use | ||||||||||
| Nicotine (cigarettes/day), R (P) | −.049 (.345) | .018 (.832) | −.063 (.537) | .198 (.241) | .151 (.306) | −.273 (.023) | .140 (.555) | .164 (.405) | .145 (.277) | −.057 (.623) |
| Alcohol (g/ day), R (P) | .047 (.365) | .078 (.369) | .012 (.905) | −.004 (.983) | .074 (.616) | .095 (.438) | −.171 (.471) | .110 (.577) | −.090 (.500) | .162 (.161) |
| (iii) Disease course data | ||||||||||
| Age of onset (y), R (P) | — | −.084 (.322) | −.261 (.007) | −.338 (.026) | — | — | — | — | −.097 (.458) | .013 (.911) |
| Illness duration (y), R (P) | — | .042 (.619) | −.125 (.205) | .073 (.644) | — | — | — | — | −.149 (.253) | −.084 (.464) |
| (iv) Psychotropic medication | ||||||||||
| CPZ equivalents, R (P) | — | .023 (.799) | −.128 (.202) | .183 (.229) | — | — | — | — | .014 (.916) | −.024 (.843) |
| Antipsychotic use (yes/no), F (P) | — | 2.422 (.122) | 0.064 (.801) | 3.141 (.085) | — | — | — | — | 1.440 (.235) | 0.717 (.400) |
| Typical antipsychotic use (yes/no), F (P) | — | 3.779 (.054) | 0.629 (.430) | 2.118 (.155) | — | — | — | — | 2.323 (.133) | 1.505 (.224) |
| Atypical antipsychotic use (yes/no), F (P) | — | 0.180 (.672) | 0.045 (.832) | 1.209 (.279) | — | — | — | — | 0.091 (.765) | 0.256 (.614) |
| Antidepressant use (yes/no), F/T (P) | — | 0.375 (.541) | 1.229 (.270) | 1.095 (.302) | −0.467 (.643) | — | −0.926 (.367) | 0.157 (.876) | — | 1.127 (.292) |
| Mood stabilizer use (yes/no), F (P) | — | 0.481 (.489) | 0.655 (.420) | 0.383 (.540) | — | — | — | — | — | 0.599 (.411) |
| (v) Clinical symptoms | ||||||||||
| PANSS total score, R (P) | — | .204 (.019) | — | .374 (.019) | .030 (.857) | — | .081 (.783) | −.010 (.965) | .279 (.038) | .120 (.307) |
| PANSS positive score, R (P) | — | .136 (.119) | — | .129 (.436) | −.021 (.902) | — | −.254 (.381) | −.013 (.952) | .297 (.026) | .000 (.999) |
| PANSS negative score, R (P) | — | .166 (.057) | — | .471 (.002) | .070 (.678) | — | .179 (.541) | .007 (.975) | .167 (.218) | .148 (.208) |
| PANSS general score, R (P) | — | .208 (.017) | — | .306 (.059) | .014 (.934) | — | .074 (.800) | −.019 (.930) | .273 (.042) | .131 (.268) |
| SANS sum score, R (P) | — | .258 (.003) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| HAMD sum score, R (P) | — | — | .086 (.398) | .195 (.228) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Note: BrainAGE, brain age gap estimation. Abbreviations are explained in the first footnote to tables 1 and 3. HC and ARMS: continuous/categorical variables were assessed using correlation analyses/t tests. Patients: continuous/categorical variables were tested using partial correlations/ANCOVAs, after correcting for age of onset and illness duration. F/T, F or T value in ANCOVA of Student t test; R, Pearson correlation coefficient. Bold and italicized values indicate significance at P < 0.05.