Table 3.

Roles of gangliosides in the differentiation of hMSCs into osteoblasts

Gangliosides	Roles	References
GD1a	It enhances EGF-induce EGFR phosphorylation, which promotes osteoblast differentiation	Jaiswal et al., 2000 (30)
		Liu et al., 2004 (35)
	It improves osteoblast ERK signaling through EGFR phosphorylation	Kim et al., 2008 (34)
GM3	It reduces EGFR phosphorylation	Kim et al., 2008 (34)
GD1a & GM3	They regulate the initiation step of osteoblast differentiation	Kim et al., 2008 (34)
	They are important for beta-glycophosphate-, ascorbic acid-, and dexamethasone-induced osteoblastogenesis