. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 15.

Published in final edited form as: J Learn Disabil. 2010 Jun 29;44(3):246–257. doi: 10.1177/0022219410374236

Table 2. Odds Ratios from Hierarchical Logistic Regression Models Predicting Having Been Identified With a Learning Disability.

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

Exp(B)

(SE)

Exp(B)

(SE)

Exp(B)

(SE)

Exp(B)

(SE)

Exp(B)

(SE)

Exp(B)

(SE)

Race/Ethnicity and Gender

Male

2.14

(0.09)

^***

2.18

(0.10)

^***

2.02

(0.10)

^***

1.87

(0.10)

^***

1.87

(0.11)

^***

1.85

(0.11)

^***

Race:

White (ref)

–

Black

1.43

(0.13)

^**

1.12

(0.13)

0.77

(0.14)

⁺

0.75

(0.15)

⁺

0.72

(0.16)

0.73

(0.16)

⁺

Hispanic

1.49

(0.14)

^**

1.15

(0.14)

0.91

(0.14)

0.94

(0.15)

1.13

(0.16)

1.12

(0.17)

Asian

0.51

(0.22)

^**

0.46

(0.22)

^***

0.39

(0.22)

^***

0.42

(0.23)

^***

0.47

(0.26)

^**

0.45

(0.27)

^**

American Indian/Alaska Native

1.56

(0.40)

1.27

(0.39)

0.99

(0.39)

1.03

(0.44)

1.03

(0.45)

1.00

(0.46)

Other Race^#

1.42

(0.19)

⁺

1.30

(0.19)

1.15

(0.20)

1.17

(0.21)

1.20

(0.21)

1.20

(0.21)

Basic Measures of SES

Family income

0.89

(0.02)

^***

0.92

(0.02)

^***

0.94

(0.02)

^**

0.94

(0.02)

^**

0.93

(0.02)

^**

Highest parental education level:

High school degree or less

1.17

(0.10)

1.10

(0.11)

1.05

(0.11)

1.06

(0.11)

1.05

(0.11)

Some college (ref)

–

Bachelor's degree or higher

0.76

(0.12)

0.82

(0.12)

⁺

0.84

(0.12)

0.86

(0.13)

0.87

(0.13)

Covariates of SES

Bio mom and bio dad in household

0.91

(0.10)

0.93

(0.10)

0.95

(0.11)

0.95

(0.11)

Siblings

1.09

(0.03)

^**

1.06

(0.03)

⁺

1.07

(0.03)

⁺

1.06

(0.03)

⁺

Material resources in household

1.02

(0.05)

1.02

(0.05)

1.02

(0.05)

1.02

(0.05)

Cognitive resources in household

0.87

(0.05)

^**

0.90

(0.05)

0.89

(0.05)

0.89

(0.05)

Participated in Head Start

1.60

(0.13)

^***

1.58

(0.13)

^***

1.58

(0.14)

^***

1.52

(0.14)

^**

Participated in preschool

1.01

(0.11)

1.07

(0.11)

1.03

(0.11)

1.02

(0.12)

Academic History

Age

1.24

(0.08)

^**

1.22

(0.08)

^**

1.23

(0.08)

^**

Repeated 1 or more grades between:

K and 2nd grade

4.37

(0.13)

^***

4.16

(0.13)

^***

4.05

(0.14)

^***

3rd and 5th grade

2.46

(0.25)

^***

2.55

(0.26)

^***

2.65

(0.26)

^***

6th and 10th grade

1.30

(0.24)

1.30

(0.24)

1.36

(0.25)

Language-Immigration History

Not a native English speaker

1.08

(0.18)

1.09

(0.18)

Lack of current English proficiency

1.06

(0.05)

1.11

(0.05)

Ever been in an ESL program

1.55

(0.15)

^**

1.71

(0.15)

^***

Parent non-native English speaker

0.43

(0.22)

^***

0.54

(0.23)

^**

Started US School:

In Kindergarten (ref)

–

Between 1st and 2nd Grades

1.12

(0.48)

Between 3rd and 5th Grades

0.40

(0.70)

Between 6th and 10th Grades

0.04

(1.27)

N (Students used of 10847 total)

10426

N (Schools used of 546 total)

546

Variance Components: School-Level (INTRCPT1)

0.367

\frac{(SD)}{(0.606)}

^***

0.380

\frac{(SD)}{(0.616)}

^***

0.401

\frac{(SD)}{(0.634)}

^***

0.408

\frac{(SD)}{(0.639)}

^***

0.394

\frac{(SD)}{(0.628)}

^***

0.405

\frac{(SD)}{(0.636)}

^***

‘More than one race’ or ‘Native Hawaii/Pacific Islander’

p < 0.05

^**

p < 0.01

^***

p < 0.001

⁺

p < 0.10