Table 1.
Gastrointestinal tumors that have been associated with chronic inflammation
| Organ | Malignancy | Association with chronic inflammation |
|---|---|---|
| Esophagus | Adenocarcinoma | GERD |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | Irritation and inflammation by hot beverages and fungi | |
| Stomach | Gastric adenocarcinoma | H. pylori infection, autoimmune and chronic gastritis |
| MALT lymphoma | H. pylori infection, HCV, Campylobacter jejuni (small intestine) | |
| Colorectal | Colorectal cancer | Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, pancolitis, Colonization/infection with specific pathogens |
| Pancreas | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Chronic pancreatitis, H. pylori infection, periodontal disease |
| Liver | HCC | HBV, cirrhosis (due to alcohol, NAFLD, PBC, HCV) |
| Biliary system | Gall bladder carcinoma | Chronic gallbladder cystitis |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | PSC, recurrent cholangitis, liver cirrhosis |
Abbreviations: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; PBC, primary biliary cirrhosis; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis.