Table 3. Baseline characteristics associated with change in log₁₀-transformed urine protein:creatinine ratio, Week 0 to Week 96.

Variable	Univariate Analyses		Multivariate Analyses
	Estimated mean fold-change (95%CI)	p-value	Estimated mean fold-change (95%CI)	p-value
Assigned to ABC/3TC (vs TDF/FTC)	0.78 (0.65, 0.95)	0.011	0.76 (0.69, 1.01)	0.001
Assigned to ATV/r (vs EFV)	0.89 (0.74, 1.08)	0.23	0.94 (0.80, 1.12)	0.50
Age (per 1 year)	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.78
Male sex	0.95 (0.72, 1.25)	0.71
Race or ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	Reference	0.26
Black, non-Hispanic	0.84 (0.68, 1.05)
Hispanic	0.87 (0.67, 1.14)
Body mass index (per 1 kg/m2)	1.00 (0.98, 1.02)	0.87
CD4 cell count (per 50 cells/μL)	1.06 (1.02, 1.09)	<0.001	1.06 (1.03, 1.09)	<0.001
HIV-RNA (per 1 log10 copies/mL)	0.86 (0.75, 0.98)	0.028
HIV-RNA ≥ 100,000 copies/mL*	0.84 (0.69, 1.02)	0.074
Hepatitis B or C co-infection	0.77 (0.57, 1.06)	0.11
Systolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg)	0.98 (0.91, 1.06)	0.58
Diastolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg)	1.01 (0.91, 1.12)	0.88
HOMA-IR (per unit higher)	0.94 (0.89, 0.98)	0.010	0.94 (0.90, 0.98)	0.006
eGFR (per 10 mL/min/1.732)	0.96 (0.91, 1.01)	0.092	0.94 (0.89, 0.98)	0.004
Negative dipstick protein	1.57 (1.29, 1.92)	<0.001	1.43 (1.19, 1.72)	<0.001

ABC/3TC, abacavir/ lamivudine; TDF/FTC, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine; ATV/r, atazanavir/ritonavir; EFT, efavirenz. Hepatitis B co-infection, surface antigen positive; Hepatitis C co-infection, antibody positive; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate as calculated by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine equation.

^*HIV-1 RNA was measured at screening. The estimated mean change in log₁₀-transformed urine protein:creatinine ratio was exponentiated to obtain the estimated mean fold change; values < 1 correspond to a decrease in mean urine protein:creatinine ratio from baseline. Covariates with univariate p-value <0.20 were considered for inclusion in the multivariate model, and variables with a p-value <0.05 were retained; treatment assignment variables were retained regardless of p-value.