Table 3. Changes in households reporting any OOP and OOP as a share (%) of total household expenditure.
| Whether incurred any OOP | OOP as % of household expenditure | |||||||
| (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | |||||
| t1 (dummy for year 2005) | −3.541*** | −4.376*** | −5.643*** | −4.586*** | 0.4025 | 0.2624 | 0.0896 | 0.2363 |
| [0.4279] | [0.3301] | [0.2105] | [0.4751] | [0.5199] | [0.5205] | [0.3768] | [0.6091] | |
| t2 (dummy for year 2012) | 7.135*** | 10.537*** | 10.98*** | 8.324*** | 1.332*** | 1.156*** | 1.082*** | 1.4561*** |
| [0.4099] | [0.3211] | [0.2018] | [0.4598] | [0.0692] | [0.0663] | [0.0492] | [0.0799] | |
| quintile1 (dummy for poorest 20%) | −15.92*** | −26.24*** | −3.974*** | −6.608*** | ||||
| [0.4374] | [0.4693] | [0.1463] | [0.1504] | |||||
| t1_ quintile1 (interaction term: year 2005 and poorest 20%) | −3.213*** | −2.056*** | −0.666 | −0.8038 | ||||
| [0.6047] | [0.6115] | [1.2837] | [1.2723] | |||||
| t2_ quintile1 (interaction term: year 2012 and poorest 20%) | 8.845*** | 8.43*** | −0.4199** | −0.722*** | ||||
| [0.5792] | [0.5865] | [0.1654] | [0.1641] | |||||
| SCST (dummy for SC/ST) | −5.502*** | 1.598*** | −0.2058** | 0.3004** | ||||
| [0.3487] | [0.3694] | [0.1047] | [0.1067] | |||||
| t1_ SCST (interaction term: year 2005 and SC/ST) | −2.172*** | −0.917* | −0.1997 | 0.4101 | ||||
| [0.4895] | [0.5086] | [0.9164] | [0.9214] | |||||
| t2_ SCST (interaction term: year 2012 and SC/ST) | 0.878** | −1.198** | 0.1904* | 0.5798*** | ||||
| [0.4733] | [0.4874] | [0.1184] | [0.1185] | |||||
| muslim (dummy for religion Muslim) | 4.9295*** | 1.702*** | −0.1165 | −0.1425 | ||||
| [0.4481] | [0.4534] | [0.1328] | [0.1289] | |||||
| t1_ muslim (interaction term: year 2005 and Muslim) | 1.7002** | 2.3524*** | 0.4528 | 0.7336 | ||||
| [0.6154] | [0.6155] | [1.1492] | [1.1085] | |||||
| t2_ muslim (interaction term: year 2012 and Muslim) | −0.0734 | 0.3243 | 0.453*** | 0.9049*** | ||||
| [0.5846] | [0.5820] | [0.1493] | [0.1436] | |||||
| Constant | 75.869*** | 72.155*** | 68.895*** | 74.548*** | 7.185*** | 5.433*** | 5.603*** | 2.432*** |
| [0.3097] | [0.2298] | [0.1523] | [0.8298] | [0.0621] | [0.0581] | [0.0439] | [0.1600] | |
| Observations | 346603 | 346329 | 346473 | 346299 | 346603 | 346329 | 346473 | 346299 |
| R-squared | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.12 |
Notes: 1. *** significant at 1%, ** significant at 5% and * significant at 10%; 2. Standard errors in brackets; 3. Columns under (1) represent results based on equation (1) for the three socio-economic groups separately and columns under (2) represent results from equation (2) i.e. by considering all the three socio-economic groups together and other control variables; 4. The control variables used in specification (2) include household size, proportion of persons with different educational achievements, main source of livelihood of household, the ratio of males to females in the household, the proportion of children in the household, the proportion of elderly in the household, the proportion of married members in the household, and rural/urban location.