Table 5.
Multilevel odds ratios assessing effects of individual and community characteristics on contraceptives use among adolescent women who had sex during the 12 months preceding the survey in Zimbabwe, 2010/11 ZDHS
|
Variables |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficients β (SE) | Odds ratio | Coefficients β (SE) | Odds ratio | Coefficients β (SE) | Odds ratio | Coefficients β (SE) | Odds ratio | |
|
Intercept |
-2.292 (0.736)*** |
|
-1.690 (0.659) |
|
-1.396 (0.156) |
|
-2.122 (0.657) |
|
|
Random intercept variance |
0.715 (0.272*) |
|
0.328 (0.298) |
|
0.482 (0.566) |
|
0.302 (0.846) |
|
|
PCV (%) |
Reference |
|
54.1 |
|
32.6 |
|
57.8 |
|
|
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 15 to 17 years |
NI |
NA |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 18 to 19 years |
NI |
NA |
0.288 (0.266) |
1.334 |
|
|
0.173 (0.292) |
1.189 |
|
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never married |
NI |
NA |
1 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
| Ever married |
NI |
NA |
0.852 (0.254) |
2.344*** |
|
|
0.908 (0.244) |
2.479*** |
|
Parity |
|
|
|
|
NI |
NA |
|
|
| None |
NI |
NA |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| One or more pregnancies |
NI |
NA |
2.809 (0.250) |
16.593*** |
|
|
2.610 (0.272) |
13.6*** |
|
Age difference with spouse |
|
|
|
|
NI |
NA |
|
|
| Large difference |
NI |
NA |
1 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
| Small difference/None |
NI |
NA |
-0.253 (0.253) |
0.776 |
|
|
-0.106 (0.280) |
0.899 |
|
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| None/Primary (RC) |
NI |
NA |
1 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
| Secondary or higher |
NI |
NA |
-.005 (0.263) |
0.995 |
NI |
NA |
0.062 (0.292) |
1.064 |
|
Religion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Protestant/Pentecostal |
NI |
NA |
1 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
| Traditional/Apostolic sect |
NI |
NA |
-0.112 (0.279) |
0.829 |
NI |
NA |
-0.416 (0.306) |
1.516 |
| Catholic/Muslim/None/Othersǂ |
NI |
NA |
-0.030 (0.341) |
0.970 |
NI |
NA |
-0.023 (0.373) |
0.977 |
|
Residence |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Urban |
NI |
NA |
1 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
| Rural |
NI |
NA |
-0.274 (0.323) |
0.761 |
NI |
NA |
-0.041 (0.565) |
0.960 |
|
Media access |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No access |
NI |
NA |
1 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
| Average access |
NI |
NA |
0.459 (0.221) |
1.582* |
NI |
NA |
0.598 (0.232) |
1.818* |
| High access |
NI |
NA |
0.550 (0.254) |
1.733** |
NI |
NA |
0.758 (0.328) |
2.134** |
|
Household wealth index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low |
NI |
NA |
1 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
| Medium |
NI |
NA |
-0.143 (0.317) |
0.867 |
NI |
NA |
-0.110 (0.345) |
0.896 |
| High |
NI |
NA |
-0.393 (0.365) |
0.675 |
NI |
NA |
-0.179 (0.406) |
0.836 |
|
Level of autonomy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low autonomy |
NI |
NA |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| High autonomy |
NI |
NA |
-0.077 (0.235) |
0.926 |
NI |
NA |
-0.046 (0.259) |
0.955 |
|
COMMUNITY LEVEL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Quality of health care |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| • Quality of health care index |
NI |
NA |
NI |
NA |
0.081 (0.606) |
1.084 |
-0.178 (0.845) |
0.837 |
|
Access to health care |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| • % of women reporting at least one serious problem accessing health care |
NI |
NA |
NI |
NA |
0.391 (0.131) |
1.478* |
0.686 (0.212) |
1.986* |
|
Socioeconomic development |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| • Mean number of children ever born per woman |
NI |
NA |
NI |
NA |
-3.008 (1.062) |
0.049** |
-2.647 (1.028) |
0.071*** |
| • Mean number of years of school for women |
NI |
NA |
NI |
NA |
-0.706 (0.151) |
0.494** |
-0.986 (0.305) |
0.373** |
| • % of women with at least secondary education |
NI |
NA |
NI |
NA |
-0.684 (0.192) |
0.504** |
-0.787 (0.234) |
0.455** |
| • % of women with husbands/Partners approving of family planning |
NI |
NA |
NI |
NA |
0.156 (0.282) |
1.169 |
0.436 (0.972) |
1.546 |
| • Contraceptive prevalence rate |
NI |
NA |
NI |
NA |
0.387 (0.141) |
1.473* |
0.252 (0.338) |
1.287 |
| • % of women accessing ANC at least once |
NI |
NA |
NI |
NA |
-0.411 (0.269) |
0.663 |
-0.363 (0.674) |
0.699 |
| • % of women who delivered their last child in a health facility |
NI |
NA |
NI |
NA |
-0.054 (0.076) |
0.947 |
-0.067 (0.168) |
0.935 |
| • % of women participating in labour force | NI | NA | NI | NA | 0.016 (0.022) | 1.013 | 0.045 (0.054) | 1.046 |
*= p < 0.05; **= p < 0.01; ***= p < 001ǂOthers includes other christian religions not mentioned.