Table 3.

Association between Hearing Impairment^a and Self-Reported or Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity^b, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006: Stepwise Ordinal Logistic Regression Model

	Odds of Next Lower Categoryb of Physical Activity (PA)
	Leisure-Time PA: Self-Reported		Accelerometer-Measured PA
Variablec	Mild Hearing Impairment	Moderate or Greater Hearing Impairment	Mild Hearing Impairment	Moderate or Greater Hearing Impairment
Base Model (Hearing only)	1.40 (0.75, 2.64) p=.264	1.85 (1.17, 2.90)** p=.011	2.23 (1.00, 4.98)* p=.050	2.54 (1.56, 4.13)** p=.001
Base + Demographic and Cardiovascular Risk Factorsc	1.23 (0.68, 2.22) p=.475	1.61 (1.14, 2.26)* p.=.010	2.25 (0.94, 5.40) p=.066	1.85 (1.01, 3.41)* p=.046
Base + Demographics and Cardiovascular Risk Factors + Body Mass Index	1.21 (0.65, 2.26) p=.520	1.59 (1.11, 2.28)* p=.015	2.06 (0.90, 4.72) p=.083	1.70 (0.99, 2.91) p=.054

^*p<05,

^**p<.01

^aHearing is defined by the speech-frequency pure tone average (PTA) of hearing thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz in the better hearing ear (Normal PTA < 25dB, Mild impairment 25 – <40dB, Moderate or greater ≥ 40dB)

^bCategories of physical activity are based on the Department for Health and Human Services’ Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans: Inactive (0 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity), Insufficiently Active (<150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity), Sufficiently Active (≥150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity).

^cDemographic factors include gender, age, race, education, and income. Cardiovascular risk factors include cardiovascular disease (defined as history of coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, angina, or myocardial infarction), hypertension, stroke, and smoking status.