Table 2.

Longitudinal Association between Self-Reported Difficulty and Visual Impairment: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study

	Model 1aa		Model 1bb		Model 1cc
	Odds Ratio	95% CI	Odds Ratio	95% CI	Odds Ratio	95% CI
Difficulty Walking Up Stairs
Years since baseline (per year)	1.09	1.07 – 1.10	1.00	0.98 – 1.02	1.02	0.99 – 1.04
Visual Impairment Status d
Not visually impaired	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
Visually impaired	1.58	1.32 – 1.89	0.84	0.65 – 1.11	0.97	0.74 – 1.28
Stair Climbing Speed (per 0.1 step/s ↓)	--	--	1.65	1.59 – 1.72	1.61	1.54 – 1.69
Difficulty Walking Down Stairs
Years since baseline (per year)	1.12	1.10 – 1.13	1.05	1.03 – 1.07	1.07	1.05 – 1.10
Visual Impairment Status d
Not visually impaired	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
Visually impaired	1.90	1.59 – 2.28	0.96	0.74 – 1.24	1.05	0.80 – 1.37
Stair Descent Speed (per 0.1 step/s ↓)	--	--	1.53	1.46 – 1.59	1.50	1.42 – 1.57
Difficulty Walking 150 Feet
Years since baseline (per year)	1.13	1.11 – 1.14	1.06	1.04 – 1.08	1.07	1.04 – 1.10
Visual Impairment Status d
Not visually impaired	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
Visually impaired	2.11	1.77 – 2.51	1.22	0.98 – 1.50	1.17	0.93 – 1.46
4 Meter Speed (per 0.1 meter/s ↓)	--	--	1.73	1.67 – 1.80	1.69	1.62 – 1.77

^aModel includes covariates for years since baseline and visual impairment status

^bModel included covariates in Model 1a, plus speed on mobility task

^cModels include covariates in Models 1a and 1b, plus the following: baseline age category (65–69, 70–74, 75–79, 80+ years), sex, race (black/white), smoking status (ever/never), BMI group (underweight, normal, overweight/obese), # of health conditions category (0, 1, 2, 3+), depressive symptoms, and diabetes.

^dVisual impairment defined as best-corrected distance visual acuity worse in than 20/40 in the better-seeing eye and/or binocular visual fields less than 20 degrees.

CI = confidence interval