Table 2.
Distance to hospital in relation to woman-level and tumour characteristics of breast cancer patients
| Distance to hospital (straight-line distance, kilometres) | p-valuea | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 5 | 5–9.9 | 10–19.9 | 20–29.9 | 30–39.9 | ≥40 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Breast cancer cases (N) | 183 | 299 | 242 | 188 | 61 | 98 | |||||||
| Woman-level characteristics | |||||||||||||
| % of diagnoses in 2006–08 | 37.2 | 32.4 | 31.4 | 35.1 | 47.5 | 33.7 | 0.33 | ||||||
| Age at diagnosis (years) | |||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 57.5 (15.2) | 57.0 (14.7) | 54.4 (14.1) | 52.5 (12.9) | 53.9 (11.3) | 55.2 (14.8) | 0.002 | ||||||
| Race | |||||||||||||
| % Black African | 92.9 | 93.0 | 85.1 | 94.7 | 95.1 | 79.6 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Referral source, via: | |||||||||||||
| Primary health clinic | 55 | 66.3 | 86 | 61.2 | 62 | 52.1 | 23 | 26.6 | 7 | 31.8 | 11 | 23.9 | <0.001 |
| Secondary hospital | 2 | 2.4 | 5 | 3.7 | 11 | 9.2 | 47 | 52.2 | 12 | 54.6 | 30 | 65.2 | |
| Local doctor | 10 | 12.1 | 17 | 12.7 | 18 | 15.1 | 8 | 8.9 | 3 | 13.6 | 1 | 2.2 | |
| Self-referral | 16 | 19.3 | 26 | 19.4 | 28 | 23.5 | 21 | 13.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 8.7 | |
| Ward-level characteristics, meanb | |||||||||||||
| % primary education or less | 14.6 | 14.2 | 14.0 | 18.7 | 20.9 | - | <0.001 | ||||||
| % Annual household income <=R9600 | 29.4 | 27.4 | 24.7 | 32.9 | 27.0 | - | <0.001 | ||||||
| % Individual monthly income <=R800 | 50.3 | 51.2 | 49.3 | 61.0 | 58.0 | - | <0.001 | ||||||
| % Informal residential housing | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 14.0 | - | <0.001 | ||||||
| Mean age of women in contributing wards over 30 | 46.3 | 46.4 | 45.5 | 45.0 | 48.2 | - | NAc | ||||||
| Tumour characteristics | |||||||||||||
| Stage (98% complete) | |||||||||||||
| Stage I | 10 | 5.5 | 17 | 5.8 | 15 | 6.3 | 2 | 1.1 | 2 | 3.4 | 7 | 7.1 | 0.02 |
| Stage II | 82 | 45.1 | 134 | 45.4 | 97 | 40.9 | 67 | 36.4 | 16 | 27.6 | 36 | 36.7 | |
| Stage III | 78 | 42.9 | 116 | 39.3 | 107 | 45.1 | 96 | 52.2 | 36 | 62.1 | 48 | 49.0 | |
| Stage IV | 12 | 6.6 | 28 | 9.5 | 18 | 7.6 | 19 | 10.3 | 4 | 6.9 | 7 | 7.1 | |
| % late stage (III/IV) | 49.5 | 48.8 | 52.7 | 62.5 | 69.0 | 56.1 | |||||||
| Receptor Status | |||||||||||||
| % ER+ and/or PR+ | 69.1 | 68.9 | 65.6 | 64.1 | 57.9 | 64.8 | 0.58 | ||||||
| % HER2+ | 23.8 | 28.9 | 21.7 | 25.8 | 33.9 | 27.7 | 0.37 | ||||||
| % Triple negative | 18.8 | 18.8 | 22.2 | 26.5 | 23.6 | 21.7 | 0.52 | ||||||
a
p-value from chi-squared test for associations with categorical age and race, and linear test for trend for continuous outcomes.
b
Restricted to wards from more densely populated areas namely Soweto, Katlehong and Orange Farm/Sebokeng.
c
Actual age of women used, not ward-level age.