Table 2.

Specific external costs (c _ac, c _p, c _n).

Environmental effects	Road	Railway	Seaway
	$/(ton·km)	$/(ton·km)	$/(ton·km)
Accident (c ac)	3.3 × 10−3	4 × 10−4	6 × 10−5
Emission (c p)	4.5 × 10−4	1.1 × 10−4	3.85 × 10−4
Noise (c n)	2.2 × 10−4	1.5 × 10−4	—