TABLE 2.
Means (in Hz) and standard deviations for trajectory length (TL) broken down by dialect, age group and gender.
| Vowel | Token | Age/Gender | TL/OH | TL/WI | TL/NC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /i/ | heed | GP_M | 132 (52) | 128 (54) | 147 (60) |
| P_M | 103 (40) | 94 (24) | 153 (57) | ||
| C_M | 146 (30) | 124 (45) | 151 (52) | ||
| GP_F | 106 (24) | 108 (26) | 140 (75) | ||
| P_F | 126 (59) | 91 (34) | 123 (34) | ||
| C_F | 146 (49) | 137 (62) | 149 (37) | ||
| /ɪ/ | hid | GP_M | 220 (46) | 201 (58) | 295 (56) |
| P_M | 149 (42) | 168 (41) | 290 (65) | ||
| C_M | 131 (29) | 118 (26) | 232 (90) | ||
| GP_F | 282 (46) | 255 (54) | 293 (69) | ||
| P_F | 193 (52) | 194 (61) | 369 (60) | ||
| C_F | 126 (29) | 108 (31) | 218 (96) | ||
| /e/ | heyd | GP_M | 216 (53) | 153 (43) | 315 (53) |
| P_M | 188 (35) | 150 (23) | 327 (69) | ||
| C_M | 222 (72) | 177 (53) | 332 (60) | ||
| GP_F | 200 (50) | 115 (42) | 314 (65) | ||
| P_F | 208 (53) | 137 (55) | 327 (61) | ||
| C_F | 229 (67) | 193 (61) | 340 (60) | ||
| /ε/ | head | GP_M | 180 (36) | 183 (71) | 261 (62) |
| P_M | 117 (40) | 120 (28) | 253 (84) | ||
| C_M | 115 (32) | 141 (40) | 179 (73) | ||
| GP_F | 221 (40) | 249 (53) | 278 (89) | ||
| P_F | 125 (35) | 155 (62) | 325 (82) | ||
| C_F | 124 (37) | 134 (35) | 149 (53) | ||
| /æ/ | had | GP_M | 192 (85) | 229 (100) | 237 (85) |
| P_M | 132 (45) | 196 (52) | 198 (93) | ||
| C_M | 146 (34) | 238 (84) | 169 (49) | ||
| GP_F | 217 (59) | 271 (47) | 277 (69) | ||
| P_F | 158 (39) | 271 (84) | 287 (87) | ||
| C_F | 168 (47) | 245 (45) | 171 (49) | ||
| /ɑ/ | hod | GP_M | 207 (34) | 162 (55) | 153 (51) |
| P_M | 173 (96) | 157 (30) | 195 (66) | ||
| C_M | 298 (86) | 216 (48) | 290 (102) | ||
| GP_F | 207 (67) | 173 (45) | 187 (36) | ||
| P_F | 233 (58) | 175 (40) | 235 (64) | ||
| C_F | 258 (63) | 234 (71) | 324 (102) | ||
| /u/ | who’d | GP_M | 163 (40) | 187 (69) | 172 (53) |
| P_M | 129 (31) | 153 (51) | 151 (62) | ||
| C_M | 197 (62) | 151 (54) | 201 (51) | ||
| GP_F | 167 (60) | 171 (42) | 148 (53) | ||
| P_F | 152 (53) | 168 (58) | 141 (58) | ||
| C_F | 179 (62) | 143 (47) | 188 (56) | ||
| /ʊ/ | hood | GP_M | 225 (60) | 301 (68) | 169 (53) |
| P_M | 213 (44) | 287 (60) | 148 (53) | ||
| C_M | 247 (68) | 245(46) | 170 (59) | ||
| GP_F | 238 (71) | 310 (61) | 197 (91) | ||
| P_F | 249 (43) | 319 (53) | 160 (85) | ||
| C_F | 254 (58) | 300 (53) | 212 (49) | ||
| /o/ | hoed | GP_M | 206 (60) | 182 (55) | 250 (66) |
| P_M | 172 (34) | 196 (68) | 230 (57) | ||
| C_M | 173 (50) | 191 (47) | 224 (49) | ||
| GP_F | 215 (50) | 161 (38) | 258 (49) | ||
| P_F | 202 (38) | 207 (63) | 242 (41) | ||
| C_F | 181 (37) | 190 (58) | 239 (42) | ||
| /ɔ/ | hawed | GP_M | 206 (50) | 213 (67) | 227 (40) |
| P_M | 180 (84) | 240 (50) | 235 (110) | ||
| C_M | 275 (92) | 257 (55) | 246 (83) | ||
| GP_F | 241 (85) | 229 (62) | 246(73) | ||
| P_F | 237 (57) | 265 (51) | 239 (46) | ||
| C_F | 260 (86) | 284 (72) | 246 (86) | ||
| /aɪ/ | hide | GP_M | 526 (65) | 472 (72) | 119 (33) |
| P_M | 479 (65) | 447 (93) | 196 (113) | ||
| C_M | 570 (58) | 484 (58) | 401 (143) | ||
| GP_F | 634 (54) | 526 (64) | 224 (110) | ||
| P_F | 576 (62) | 516 (45) | 243 (130) | ||
| C_F | 523 (89) | 545 (72) | 528 (154) | ||
| /ɔɪ/ | hoyd | GP_M | 733 (86) | 643 (80) | 539 (80) |
| P_M | 760 (57) | 695 (58) | 713 (104) | ||
| C_M | 821 (74) | 736 (70) | 792 (150) | ||
| GP_F | 813 (58) | 663 (70) | 706 (117) | ||
| P_F | 832 (100) | 746 (66) | 726 (104) | ||
| C_F | 828 (77) | 807 (50) | 883 (72) | ||
| /aʊ/ | howed | GP_M | 402 (50) | 331 (34) | 425 (75) |
| P_M | 419 (62) | 317 (45) | 449 (84) | ||
| C_M | 444 (67) | 383 (47) | 500 (81) | ||
| GP_F | 462 (83) | 288 (31) | 486 (109) | ||
| P_F | 427 (67) | 345 (69) | 477 (102) | ||
| C_F | 433 (72) | 416 (70) | 468 (74) |