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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 17.
Published in final edited form as: Lang Var Change. 2011 May 16;23(1):45–86. doi: 10.1017/S0954394510000219

TABLE 3.

Summary of statistical results for trajectory length (TL) for the effects of age (GP=grandparents, P=parents, C=children) and dialect (OH, NC, WI).

Vowel/token TL/Ohio F(2,72) TL/Wisconsin F(2,72) TL/North Carolina F(2,76) TL/Dialect F(2,235)
/i/ (heed) n.s. n.s. n.s. F=7.85, p=.001
NC>WI
/ɪ/ (hid) F=52.23, p<.001
GP>P, GP>C, P>C		 F=37.47, p<.001
GP>P, GP>C, P>C		 F=15.35, p<.001
GP>C, P>C		 F=59.48, p<.001
NC>OH, NC>WI
/e/ (heyd) n.s. F=7.94, p=.001
C>P, C>GP		 n.s. F=183.13, p<.001
NC>OH, NC>WI, OH>WI
/ε/ (head) F=33.17, p<.001
GP>P, GP>C		 F=18.34, p<.001
GP>P, GP>C		 F=24.70, p<.001
GP>C, P>C		 F=41.53, p<.001
NC>OH, NC>WI
/æ/ (had) F=8.12, p=.001
GP>P, GP>C		 n.s. F=11.10, p<.001
GP>C, P>C		 F=23.10, p<.001
WI>OH, NC>OH
/ɑ/ (hod) F=10.01, p<.001
C>P, C>GP		 F=12.07, p<.001
C>P, C>GP		 F=20.38, p<.001
C>P, C>GP		 F=9.93, p<.001
OH>WI, NC>WI
/u/ (who’d) n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
/ʊ/ (hood) n.s. n.s. n.s. F=74.57, p<.001
WI>OH, WI>NC, OH>NC
/o/ (hoed) n.s. n.s. n.s. F=24.28, p<.001
NC>OH, NC>WI
/ɔ/ (hawed) n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
/aɪ/ (hide) n.s. n.s. F=42.95, p<.001
C>P, C>GP		 F=86.06, p<.001
OH>NC, WI>NC
/ɔɪ/ (hoyd) n.s. F=19.10, p<.001
C>P, C>GP, P>GP		 F=23.74, p<.001
C>P, C>GP, P>GP		 F=11.10, p<.001
OH>WI, OH>NC
/aʊ/ (howed) n.s. F=18.16, p<.001
C>P, C>GP		 n.s. F=48.75, p<.001
NC>OH, NC>WI, OH>WI