(Top) A transcriptionally silent, compacted mitotic chromosome (left) with bookmarking transcription factors bound (green shades) and other factors not bound (red and purple). During mitotic exit, the bookmarking factors facilitate the rapid activation of the genes to which they are bound in mitosis. (Bottom) A transcriptionally silent, compacted gene with pioneer transcription factors bound in early development. During cell type specification, pioneer factors facilitate the binding of other factors (red, purple) and the activation of genes to which they are bound. The text discusses the recently discovered similarities between bookmarking and pioneer transcription factors.