Planned single-stage surgical creation of an autogenous upper-extremity fistula by a participating surgeon Current treatment with maintenance hemodialysis, or anticipated treatment with maintenance hemodialysis within 3 mo after planned fistula creation surgery Age < 80 y if not yet receiving treatment with maintenance hemodialysis; otherwise no upper age limit Life expectancy ≥ 9 mo Anticipated ability to comply with study procedures Ability to provide informed consent