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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014 May 1;231(17):3425–3436. doi: 10.1007/s00213-014-3590-6

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Hormones measured in the present study (in rectangles) in the steroidogenic pathway selected to measure hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity (adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH; cortisol), mineralocorticoids (deoxycorticosterone, aldosterone) or androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, DHEA-S). Metabolites of hormones can be neuroactive as positive (+) or negative (−) modulators at γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or 5-HT receptors which are known to be involved in the behavioral pharmacological effects of ethanol.