Table 2.
Immunotherapy of human leishmaniasis.
| Country | Year | Immunotherapeutic agent | Chemotherapeutic | No. of | Disease/ | Treatment | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| agent | patients | parasite | efficacy | ||||
| India | 1995 | IFN-γ | Sbv | 16 | VL | 87% | (52) |
| Brazil | 1990 | IFN-γ | Sbv | 17 | VL | 82.3% | (53) |
| Brazil | 2005 | GM-CSF | Sbv | 05 | CL | 100% Cure | (54) |
| Brazil | 2006 | Killed L. amazonensis + BCG | Glucantime | 47 | ACL | 87% | (55) |
| Brazil | 2006 | Mixed antigensa | – | 06 | MCL | 76–94% | (56) |
| Brazil | 2002 | Killed L. amazonensis | Meglumine | 47 | ACL | 100% | (57) |
| Argentina | 2011 | Killed L. amazonensis + BCG | – | 01 | ACL | High | (58) |
| Peru | 2007 | Imiquimod | Sbv | 07 | CL | 72% | (59) |
| Kenya | 1993 | IFN-γ | Sbv | 10 | VL | 75% | (60) |
| Sudan | 2008 | Alum/ALM + BCG | Sbv | 15 | PKDL | 87% | (61) |
| Iran | 2006 | Imiquimod | Glucantime | 59 | CL | 44.1% | (62) |
| Uzbekistan | 1993 | Leukinferon (i.m.) | Monomycin | 50 | CL | High | (63) |
| Venezuela | 1990–1999 | Pasteurized L. braziliensis + BCG | – | 5341 | CL | 91.2–98.7% | (64) |
| Venezuela | 1994–2000 | Mixture antigensb | Sbv | 87 | CL | Moderate | (65) |
| Venezuela | 2004 | Pasteurized L. braziliensis + BCG | – | 07 | MCL, DCL | 100% | (66) |
VL, visceral leishmaniasis; CL, cutaneous leishmaniasis; MCL, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis; DCL, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis; PKDL, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis; BCG, bacillus Calmette–Guerin; Sb, sodium stiboguconate; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; mixture antigens
a: TSA, thiol-specific antioxidant; LmSTI1, L. major stress inducible protein 1; LeIF, Leishmania elongation initiation factor; Lbhsp83, Leishmania heat shock protein 83; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; mixture antigens
b: amastigotes from L. (L.)amazonensis (La), L. (L.)venezuelensis (Lv), L. (V.)brasiliensis (Lb), and L. (L.)chagasi (Lch) Tosyl-Lysyl Chloromethyl-ketone (TLCK) treated and Non-idet P-40(NP-40) extracted (VT).