Table 1.

Means, Medians, Standard Deviations, and Cronbach's Alphas for Gender Role Measures

Variable	M	SD	Minimum-maximum	Median	Cronbach's alpha
PAQ-F Scale^a	22.86	6.08	4–32	24	0.81
STSS Total Score^b	80.26	21.39	35–138	81	0.90
STSS Care as Self-Sacrifice	24.20	5.91	10–39	24	0.55^d
STSS Divided Self	17.59	6.41	7–35	17	0.79
STSS Externalized Self	15.85	6.09	6–30	16	0.82
STSS Silencing the Self	22.64	7.08	9–42	23	0.75
Unmitigated Communion^c	28.85	5.53	17–41	29	0.55^e

^{^a}

PAQ-F, Personal Attributes Questionnaire–Femininity Scale (Affiliation); items include self-descriptors such as: “kind,” “helpful to others,” “warm in relations with others,” and “aware of feelings of others”.

^{^b}

STSS, Silencing the Self Scale; 4 subscales: Care as Self-Sacrifice (e.g., “Caring means putting the other person's needs in front of my own”); Divided Self (e.g., “Often I look happy enough on the outside, but inwardly I feel angry and rebellious”); Externalized Self-Perception (e.g., “I tend to judge myself by how I think other people see me”) and Silencing the Self (e.g., “I don't speak my feelings in an intimate relationship when I know they will cause disagreement”).

^{^c}

“Revised Unmitigated Communion Scale; sample items=I always place the needs of others above my own” and “For me to be happy, I need others to be happy.”

^{^d}

The relatively lower reliability of the Care as Self-Sacrifice scale is consistent with previous studies.¹

^{^e}

When the item with the lowest factor loading was eliminated from the Revised Unmitigated Communion scale, the Cronbach's alpha increased to 0.72. However, eliminating this item from the scale did not change the significance of the results, so the original scale was retained for use in all analyses.